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Cognition: Exam 2 Quiz Questions

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Psychology Quiz on Cognition: Exam 2 Quiz Questions, created by Casey Danback on 08/11/2016.
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Question 1

Question
Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
Answer
  • hush
  • bush
  • crush
  • brush
  • blush

Question 2

Question
Which spelling error is least likely to be detected?
Answer
  • Selter
  • Siller
  • Farn
  • Saller
  • Firn

Question 3

Question
The reason that the same set of ambiguous strokes is read "B" in one context and "13" in another context without awareness of the ambiguity is
Answer
  • making an interpretation in one context makes it difficult to make the same interpretation in another context
  • the structural description of the stroke pattern is different each time it is encountered
  • it is not possible to perceive both interpretations of an ambiguous visual pattern
  • letters are more salient for some people and numbers are more salient for other people
  • the context primes only one structural description

Question 4

Question
Priming may occur between
Answer
  • Two words similar in meaning that occur close together in time
  • Two words with the same initial consonant cluster that occur in the same context
  • Any two words that occur close together in time
  • Any two words that are spoken in the same voice
  • Any two words that are spoken in the same context

Question 5

Question
A human adaptation for language is
Answer
  • The location of the voice box
  • The speech processing area in the left temporal lobe
  • The speech production area in the left frontal lobe
  • The logogens for word recognition
  • All of the above

Question 6

Question
Animals that have a specialized area in the left hemisphere controlling vocalization include
Answer
  • some songbirds
  • other primates besides humans
  • other great apes besides human
  • some songbirds and primates (other than humans)
  • bonobo chimpanzees

Question 7

Question
The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
Answer
  • part of a meaningful utterance
  • is replaced with noise
  • is part of a word
  • all of the above
  • none of the above

Question 8

Question
When a speech segment matches more than one syllable representation, one is selected if
Answer
  • it can be combined with prior and subsequent representations matching other segments to form a word
  • it forms part of a word that can be combined with prior and subsequent words to form a grammatical sequence
  • it forms part of a grammatical sequence that can be combined with prior sequences to form a meaningful phrase
  • it forms part of a meaningful phrase that can be combined with subsequent phrases to form a meaningful utterance.
  • all of the above

Question 9

Question
"Because of the hold, they later went for two" is difficult to understand because
Answer
  • ungrammatical
  • terse
  • it is syntactically complex
  • it lacks context
  • deictic.

Question 10

Question
In aphasia, one language function that is always impaired is
Answer
  • vocal volume
  • spoken and written sentence comprehension
  • spoken intonation
  • auditory threshold
  • pitch discrimination.

Question 11

Question
In the mobile recognition paradigm, the infant is connected to the mobile during
Answer
  • baseline
  • training
  • test
  • all of the above
  • none of the above

Question 12

Question
One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile or train that an infant has learned to move is
Answer
  • The age of the infant
  • The attractiveness of the study object
  • The communication skills of the infant
  • The time of day of the training session.
  • The sex of the infant

Question 13

Question
After two days of training, a 3-month-old infant trained to kick to move the training mobile will:
Answer
  • kick to any hanging object
  • kick to only the training mobile
  • kick to any swinging object
  • kick to move any similar mobile
  • kick to move any mobile

Question 14

Question
In which condition is the 3-month-old infant most likely to kick to a mobile during test
Answer
  • Training with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile A on day 9
  • Training with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile B on day 9
  • Training with mobile A on day 1 and testing with mobile A on day 5
  • Training with mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 2, testing with mobile 1 on day 9
  • Training with mobile A on days 1 and 2, testing with mobile A on day 14

Question 15

Question
When a more memorable event immediately occurs after a less memorable event:
Answer
  • The infant incorporates features of the more memorable event into the less memorable event, creating a false memory.
  • Retention of the more memorable event is somewhat reduced by association with the less memorable event
  • Retention of the each event is independent of the other
  • The infant forgets the less memorable event
  • The infant associates them and remembers the otherwise less memorable event longer

Question 16

Question
When an infant is reminded by being shown the target of an action
Answer
  • The older the infant, the longer the interval between the presentation of the target and the retrieval of the action.
  • The retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
  • At less than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
  • At greater than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
  • The mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders

Question 17

Question
English is an unusual language in the relationship of its printed to spoken forms. Most languages have regular spelling rules and only require the letter-to-sound pathway to read. However, because English is an amalgam of Anglo-Saxon and French, its spelling rules are irregular. Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
Answer
  • come
  • home
  • dome
  • rome
  • none of the above

Question 18

Question
Evidence that pronunciation of a word is automatically generated when it is seen comes from the fact that misspelled words that are homonyms of correctly spelled words take longer to detect. Which spelling error takes longest to be detected?
Answer
  • Navion
  • Nasion
  • Netion
  • Nution
  • Nition

Question 19

Question
Over a century ago, Cattell discovered semantic priming while measuring the threshold for word recognition. Cow will be read fastest when preceded by
Answer
  • apple
  • bird
  • snake
  • mammal
  • bug

Question 20

Question
The effect of context on the processing of ambiguous targets plays an important role on keeping people oriented to the task at hand. An ambiguous drawing of a rat or a face is seen as a rat in the context of other animals because
Answer
  • the animal context results in more superficial processing
  • other animals share more of the form features of the drawing
  • the other animals semantically prime the rat structural description
  • other animals induce a whole body rather than a facial interpretation of the drawing
  • it is not possible to construct a facial spatial description in the context of animals

Question 21

Question
What is true about early language learning?
Answer
  • Cooing consists of stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
  • Babbling consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears
  • Babbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
  • Babbling begins with random sequences like tadedoti.
  • Adult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/

Question 22

Question
The first aspect of language that an infant detects is:
Answer
  • The most common phoneme
  • The most common word
  • Its stress pattern
  • Its fundamental pitch
  • None of the above

Question 23

Question
Using words like camed and comed is a symptom of
Answer
  • autism
  • normal language learning
  • agrammatism
  • deep dyslexia
  • specific language impairment

Question 24

Question
Autistic children have impaired language development as the result of
Answer
  • poor hearing
  • poor speech and hearing
  • impaired social relations
  • attention deficit disorder
  • poor motor control

Question 25

Question
One measure that predicts subsequent vocabulary growth for 4-year-olds is
Answer
  • word recognition
  • question comprehension
  • nonword repetition
  • word recall
  • word repitition

Question 26

Question
A vocabulary surge occurs at
Answer
  • 26 months
  • 10 months
  • 18 months
  • 22 months
  • 14 months

Question 27

Question
Over three million years ago, the human diverged from the line that produced chimpanzees and bonobos. Since then, humans have undergone several evolutionary changes that collectively have made human language possible. A human adaptation for language is:
Answer
  • the bilateral speech production areas in the left and right frontal lobes
  • the speech processing area in the left inferior colliculus
  • the speech processing area in the left parietal lobe
  • the location of the voice box
  • the shape of the auditory canal

Question 28

Question
For a long part of their history, professionals in the fields of speech science and linguistics were trained to hear and record accurately precisely the sounds that a speaker produced. However, this proved to be impossible. Since communication is the goal of speech, when a predictable speech sound is missing from the speech input, the brain of the listener just fills it in. The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
Answer
  • replaced by silence
  • part of a nonspeech sound
  • Part of a word in a sentence
  • part of a nonsense word
  • does not change the meaning of the word

Question 29

Question
In conversation, understanding of the speaker's knowledge allows the speaker to leave some things unsaid. This is what makes text messaging possible. At some point in the future your own text messages will be incomprehensible to you. The reason that you don’t understand “College was impossible because he couldn't wait,” is
Answer
  • the syntax is too difficult
  • you lack the necessary contextual information
  • it is a novel sentence
  • it is ambiguous
  • it is a “garden path” sentence

Question 30

Question
Most cognitive functions are performed in equally by both hemispheres in all animals. There is one exception. The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
Answer
  • humans and chimpanzees
  • humans and orangutans
  • humans and monkeys
  • humans only
  • All great apes

Question 31

Question
Contrary to our intuitions, we do not hear speech as it is spoken, word for word, but at the end of each phrase, after a brief delay. The sound a small segment of a sentence is heard as may be influenced by
Answer
  • only the sound immediately before it
  • only the sounds immediately before and after it
  • only the sounds and meanings of the words before it
  • only the sounds before it and the meaning of the word it is part of
  • the sounds and meanings of the words before and after it

Question 32

Question
Family members may over-estimate an aphasic patient's language comprehension because the patient is able to understand non-linguistic cues. In aphasia, which ability may be normal?
Answer
  • Reading aloud
  • Reading silently
  • Writing to dictation
  • Writing requests and commands
  • Copying a line drawing

Question 33

Question
An example of a basic level category is:
Answer
  • Oak Tree
  • Hedge
  • Liquid
  • Tree
  • Plant

Question 34

Question
A typical category member of a perceptually-defined category
Answer
  • does not have any defining category features
  • looks like a lot of other category members
  • Is common
  • is present in many locales
  • has at least one unique feature

Question 35

Question
A four-year old sees John hide a candy in the blue box and Sam move it to the red box when John is away. When asked, the child will answer that when he returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
Answer
  • John; the red
  • John; the blue
  • Sam; the blue
  • Sam; either
  • John; Sam’s box

Question 36

Question
When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
Answer
  • humans were superior for verbal categories
  • after practice there was a sharp increase in performance for humans
  • humans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
  • there was no difference for visual categories
  • both species made use of verbal rules

Question 37

Question
Infants both learn through their own actions and by observing the actions of others. Immediately after viewing one puppet pull the glove off of another, an infant discovers that by banging a large spoon on the tray on his high chair, he can make a loud banging sound, which he loves.
Answer
  • The infant will immediately forgot the puppet show.
  • The puppet will become a cue for the banging action and increase retention of it.
  • The spoon will become a cue for the puppet show but will not increase the retention interval for it.
  • This will have no effect on memory of the puppet show.
  • The spoon will become a cue for the puppet show and increase the retention interval for it.

Question 38

Question
An infant does not always have to repeat an action to increase the retention interval over which its result is remembered. When an infant is shown a reminder of an action:
Answer
  • the older the infant, the longer the interval before the action is retrieved
  • the puppet and train, but not the mobile, are effective reminders
  • he mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
  • only the mobile is an effective reminder, but not the train or puppet
  • the retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training

Question 39

Question
A single training session, a three-month-old infant forgets the training mobile in five days. So, a second training session is required for longer retention. Which 3-month-old infant was most likely to kick to mobile A on day 9?
Answer
  • Ed was trained on mobile A on day 1 and on day 2
  • Cal was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 6
  • Al was trained on mobile A on day 1 and day 3
  • Bob was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 8
  • Don was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 3

Question 40

Question
The factors that determine retention of the memory of an event for infants are the same as for adults. After learning to kick to move a training mobile, whether an infant kicks to move a test mobile is a function of:
Answer
  • the similarity between the training and test mobile
  • the similarity between the training and test crib liner
  • the similarity between the training and test crib
  • all of the above
  • none of the above

Question 41

Question
The best way to learn a phone number is
Answer
  • count to seven after you hear the phone number, then repeat it
  • repeat each digit as it is heard
  • repeat the entire string in reverse order as each digit is heard
  • repeat the entire phone number immediately after hearing the last digit
  • generate a visual image of each digit, as it is heard

Question 42

Question
The first time you heard your 9-digit student number and tried to write it down, which digits were you most likely to get wrong?
Answer
  • You would not get any wrong.
  • The last three.
  • There was an equal probability of getting each digit wrong.
  • The first three
  • The middle three

Question 43

Question
In an immediate recall task, increasing the speed of item presentation should have which effect?
Answer
  • Decreased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
  • Increased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list.
  • Increased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
  • Decreased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list
  • Decreased distributed rehearsal of the end of the study list.

Question 44

Question
Which name on this list would be most memorable because of the Von Restorff Effect to someone unfamiliar with college football: Wisconsin, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Purdue, Ohio, Maryland.
Answer
  • Maryland
  • Wisconsin
  • Nebraska
  • Purdue
  • Illinois

Question 45

Question
Infant vocalization of speech sounds begins with cooing and babbling. What is true about early language learning?
Answer
  • Cooing consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears.
  • Babbling consists of the simple sounds of all languages.
  • Babbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
  • Babbling begins with reduplications like mama and papa.
  • Adult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/

Question 46

Question
Each spoken language has one of three different stress patterns. Infants detect the stress pattern of the language spoken to them
Answer
  • As the first step towards segmenting the speech stream into words
  • As soon as they can pronounce a few words
  • as soon as they detect the fundamental pitch of the language
  • as soon as they detect the most frequent phonemes
  • as soon as they detect the most frequent words

Question 47

Question
The ability of a mother and child to focus on each other and an object at the same time is crucial to learning the names of things. There are several toys on the floor between the mother child. Which toy is the mother most likely to name?
Answer
  • the most colorful
  • the one closest to the child
  • the novel one
  • the most familiar
  • the largest

Question 48

Question
Over-generalization is characteristic of normal speech development and not a symptom of a disability. Because they generalize inflections across similar words, children sometimes say
Answer
  • goed
  • mealed
  • songed
  • dirted
  • speeched

Question 49

Question
Autism often emerges when an apparently normal infant begins to regress. Autistic children have
Answer
  • impaired social relations with all other people. The distinct behavioral characteristics ... include an inability to develop normal relations with people
  • poor object recognition
  • poor hearing
  • telegraphic speech
  • excellent singing ability

Question 50

Question
Four-year-old children must learn new words every day in order to have a vocabulary of sufficient size to learn sentence structure. An indication that a 4-year-old can encode the sounds of new words and hence is capable of rapid vocabulary growth is
Answer
  • good word recall
  • good word recognition
  • good question comprehension
  • good nonword repetition
  • good word repetition

Question 51

Question
You decide to learn the functions of various body parts by creating linking sentences that contain the name of each part and its function. Who can provide you with the most effective linking sentences for this task?
Answer
  • The course instructor
  • Yourself
  • An experimental psychologist studying learning
  • A clinical psychologist specializing in learning strategies
  • A professional mnemonist

Question 52

Question
Which list is easiest to learn?
Answer
  • Dog fox wolf tiger leopard puma moose antelope elk
  • Dog tiger moose fox leopard antelope wolf puma elk
  • Antelope dog elk fox leopard moose puma tiger wolf
  • Fox elk dog puma wolf moose tiger leopard antelope
  • all of the above are equally difficult because they have the same words

Question 53

Question
Which college team name is most memorable?
Answer
  • Chanticleer
  • Hokie
  • Crimson
  • Hoya
  • Tiger

Question 54

Question
Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
Answer
  • All lists were be learned equally well.
  • happy, brave, nice, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
  • dog, rock, wrench, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
  • happy, brave, nice, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
  • dog, rock, wrench, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list

Question 55

Question
What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
Answer
  • Naming pictures results in better memory for them than mentally imaging them
  • Naming words results in better memory for them than mentally imaging their referents
  • Pictures of objects and the words that name them are always remembered equally well
  • Words with imageable words are always remembered better than pictures
  • Both pictures and words are always better remembered when named than as the result of making mental images of them

Question 56

Question
In order to immediately encode large amounts of information, a mnemonist must:
Answer
  • have a large hippocampus
  • have a large striatum
  • an active amygdala
  • have a large frontal cortex
  • become practiced at using a mnemonic to encode the study material

Question 57

Question
Humans and rhesus monkeys sorted colored shapes into one of two artificial categories and were given feedback in order to learn them. When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
Answer
  • Humans were only superior to monkeys when the categories were verbally described by the experimenter
  • Both species made use of verbal rules regardless of how the categories were defined.
  • Humans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
  • After an initial period of gradual improvement with practice, there was a sharp increase in performance for humans indicating that the human had a inferred a verbal rule describing the category.
  • There was no difference in performance because these were visual categories.

Question 58

Question
An example of a basic level category is
Answer
  • salmon
  • tuna
  • seafood
  • dolphin
  • fish

Question 59

Question
When an instance shares many features with most other category members, the instance is perceived as
Answer
  • distinctive
  • mundane
  • atypical
  • typical
  • familiar

Question 60

Question
A four-year old sees Mary hide a candy in the blue box and Sally move it to the red box when Mary is away. When asked, the child will answer that when she returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
Answer
  • Mary; the red
  • Mary; the blue
  • Sally; the blue
  • Sally; either
  • Mary; Sally’s box
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