Which is not an oxidative reaction in the chemical factor of damage to lipids?
Answer
Superoxide (O2-) - detoxed by superoxide dismutase
Hydrogen peroxide - detoxed by catalase
Oxygen therapy - exposure to premature babies
Hydroxyl radical - OH.
Question 9
Question
Which of these does not contribute to injury of cell via ROS?
Answer
Oxygen therapy
Inflammation
Megablastic anaemia
Damaged mitochondria
UV radiation
Radiotherapy
Question 10
Question
How does acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis occur?
Biological lipase factor
Answer
Proteolytic cleavage of ECM proteins
The p53 transcription factor
Damage to exocrine cells which synthesise digestive enzymes or block ducts that these enzymes travel to duodenum by
Prolonged heat exposure
Question 11
Question
Which is not a consequence of heat exposure in proteins?
Answer
High fever
Heat stroke
Malignant hyperthermia
Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis
Question 12
Question
Is the Maillard reaction the enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins?
Answer
True
False
Question 13
Question
Which of the following is not a result of the reaction occurring between reducing sugars and amino groups?
Answer
Reversible early stage Schiff bases
Irreversible rearrangements to Amadori products.
Further rearrangements to advanced glycation end products (AGE).
Nrf transcription factors.
Question 14
Question
How do AGE injure cells?
Answer
Inhibit protein function
Cross linking and precipitating proteins (blocking axon transport in neurons)
Generating ROS
Binding to receptors of AGE (RAGE) on vascular and inflammatory cells that reduce blood flow and cause inflammation.
The enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins.
Question 15
Question
Does AGE accumulate during ageing, diabetes, and chronic inflammation?
Answer
True
False
Question 16
Question
When and where does proteolytic cleavage occur during inflammation when proteins are damaged?
Biological factor
Answer
Collagen in arthritis
Elastin in emphysema
Laminin during cancer invasion
Blood vessel damage behind eye during retinopathy
Question 17
Question
Which factor does acute intracellular oedema (hydropic change) not affect the cells regulation of ion concentration in cytoplasm?
Answer
Plasma membranes permeable to Na+ hence K+ leaks out (Na+ in) hence cell swells.
ATP synthesis disrupted, Na+/K+ ATPase inhibited
Na+ pump damaged
Cell shrinks due to excess water loss
Question 18
Question
Does abnormalities in capacity of cells to recycle components result in the non-accumulation of products such as fat and glycogen?
Answer
True
False
Question 19
Question
When there are fatty changes in liver cell what does not happen when the triglycerides accumulate?
Answer
In normal liver cells they cannot metabolise increased fatty acids conc. coming from adipose tissue (diabetes)
In abnormal liver cells they have a decreased ability to oxidise fatty acids (alcohol damage)
In abnormal liver cells have decreased ability to export triglycerides compounded with lipid-acceptor proteins i.e. VLDL leading to malnutrition, kwashiorkor - not enough proteins and more fat.
In normal liver cells they cannot transport more of the fat from the tissue to urine and therefore leading to blockage.