global network- unit 3 norris

global connections tie the world together as never before. this is done through:-- mobile phones, even in remote areas-- instant personal and buisness internet communication--low cost jet air travel-- cable and sateliitte media channels-- favourite brands- coca cola, subway, nike are available globallyconnectivity is not available to everyone. (EG) living in the UK with an annual income of £15,000 might allow access of most connections but billions of people live on an income lover than that.brightly lit places are those whose energy is in use, either to heat and light homes, offices and shopping malls, or to fuel the mass production of goods.there are places that are most connected to other places in the world, through the consumption or production of goods and services. 

introduction to global networks

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Case study- easyjet

- The easyjet airline was founded in 1995. It began as a small venture, running flights solely within the UK.- At the start easy jet had just 2 aircrafts. They had a slogan ' making flying as affordable as a pair of jeans-£29'- Technololgy has helped easyjet to become a global network. It was one of the first airlines to embrace the opportunity of the internet, first sale in 1998. Now approximately 95% of flights are purchased online. The website is available in 18 languages. Which has improved to create a user friendly and interactive online booking system- EasyJet is one of Europe's leading airlines, operating on over 600 routes across 30 countries with its fleet of over 200 aircraft. The business employs over 8,000 people, including 2,000 pilots and 4,500 cabin crew.

- They also provide value added pricing which offers certain passengers a superior range of  ground and onboard services. This comes with a much higher fare- Provides people with flexibility to plans their trips as they please because they are not required to buy a two way ticket- Places that easy jet adds to its flight network have become more switched on. (EG) Tallinn in Estonia is home to 400,000 people. In 2004 easy jet started flying British tourists there for £40. The city then became an affordable destination for UK citizens, especially groups of young men and women seeking a cheap but interesting destination for 'stag or hen' weekends.However there have been complaints of bad behavior, and increase in STD. It has brought more money into Tallinn and boosted trade for hotels, restaurants, bars and nightclubs

switched on places- transport (air travel)

aerospace technology continues to evolve allowing faster aeroplanes to be produced in greater numbers and with increased capacity   - low cost air lines such as easyjet have pioneered lost cost air        travel. such as the airbus A380 which can carry 550 people.          they have made air travel available  to a wide market and are       spreading to the developing world   - about 50% of the worlds airport have mobile apps   - 1919- there was a competition for the quickest flight time to        england to australia. it took 135 hours. in 2015 you can                  make that in around 24hours.   - in the 1700s it took 2 years to get around the world by ship          with goods. now there is container ships which transports            goods around the world on a daily basisit has benefits:it reduces the percieved distance between places. it also increases cultural mix, transforming exotic places into 'normal' experiences. it allows workers to move cheaply to areas of demmand. Air travel also allows TNCs to move personal and goods between production and sales locations

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Caption: : this is the airbus A380

switched on places: the internet

the arrival of broadband has enabled large amounts of data to be quicky moves across the world by cyberspace (internet). Around 1.9 billion people were using the internet by 2010. however growth has been uneven creating a bigger divide between the developed and developing world because it requires:>pc or laptop>complex and relaible telecommunications infrastructure.>ability to pay for a connection> companies willing to invest in providing services such as online booking and shopping.

it allows office staff to work from home as teleworkers and enables firms to employ workers and consulatants living in different countries. forexample:> in the entertainment industry. disney can produce animated films using experts from different countries all wokring at the same time> music companies can email sound recordings to be  mixed by different producers across the world.>3 billion users in 2015it has many benefits: - education and health advice- reduces isolation of rural areas- access to the best price for buying and selling goods- technological leapfrogging

switched on:  telephones and GPS

TELEPHONESthe first telephone and telegraph cables across the atlantic replaces a 3 week boat journey. This revolutionized how business was conduced and laid the ground for TNC's to operate in different countries. they are an instantaneous communication   > in places in africa such as kenya. they have leap frogged straight to mobile phones.   >in 2005, a system was introduced that allows people to buy cash vouchers and allows people to transfer credit to buisness, customers or family via mobile phones   >around 4.8 billion mobile phones users in 2015 and nearly 2 billion of this statistic  is smartphone use   >first mobile phones available in early 1980s   >1997 the first text message was sent 

GPSfirst global positioning system satelittle was launched in the 1920s. there are now 24 in an orbit 10000km above the earth. these satelittes continuously broadcast position and time data to use throughout the world. they can be used to map forests, navigate planes on ground or in air and makes it easier for people to visit or locate anywhere in the world. they are also used in military applications and emergency areas to locate people- google earth created june 2001- allows people to locate any where in the world even allowing street view.- helps air travel

networks and flows

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a network is a illustration or model that shows how different places are linked together. geographers draw networks to emphasise the connections between different places. an example of a network is a map of the London underground ( a transport network)we can imagine a global network of the most well connected

switched on and switched off places

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switched off: the global peripherysome peripheral locations have been bypsased by globalization and remain switched off and seemingly trapped in poverty. These areas may lack a global hub or any strong flows and investment with other places and econimies.- political instability : wars, conflicts,poor governance and corruption dis courages investors due to high risks- debt: countries being in debt stifles economic growth and prevents investment in human resources through provision of education and health- lack of a good infrastructure: efficient roads, rail, power and water supplies. this means that the production costs will be high and distrubution is un reliable- physical constraints: such as harsh terrain and un reliable climate which is then combined with environmental hazards such as flooding and soil erosion- poverty and disease: produce a low skilled, inefficient workforce that would cost to much to train

kenya - switched off place

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ECONOMICAL:-high percentage of people in primary sector - 79% of population are in agriculture-early stages in demographic transition model. they have high birth rate and the death rate is decreasing -poor trading prospect-poverty- lack of money to invest in new things. The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Kenya was last recorded at 648.84 US dollars in 2014. Equivalent to 5 percent of the world's average-country is in debt- monoculture- reliant on one crop (cash crop)SOCIAL:-high population growth- total fertility rate is 5 children per women-low skill set, hard to get highly qualified job that pays well-uneducated so hard to be able to escape the typical life there. Unable to access skillful jobs-gender inequality-expensive to go to school- poor government 

Kenya

ENVIRONMENTAL:-hot dry climate -fertile valleys-subject to drought and the climate makes it worse-lack of natural resources-remoteness (lack of infrastructure) not enough money or technologyPOLITICAL:-corruption of government- terrorism-ethinic fighting-poor governance>>TNC'S might invest in Kenya but the profit will still go back to the TNC which is probably in a global hub (leakage)<<KENYAN FLOWER INDUSTRY HDI- human development index is 0.52. 

KENYAN FLOWER INDUSTRYin 2004 Kenya ranked 148 out of 187 in HDIin 2014 Kenya ranked 147 out of 187 in HDI- this shows in itself it is a switched off place because in 10 years it has only moved up one placeFacts-Kenyas main export is roses as 74% of the export are roses.-2 million are sold on valentines day-in 2002 £77 million was earned from selling flowers-in 2015 it is the second main industry, tea is the first and tourism slipped to 3rd because of corruption-2/3 of the flowers to go to holland, these then go to USA and japan-127 plants in total-50% of the plants are around lake naivash-this lake is around 50 miles from the capital, this is essential for importing-they are transported by plane for speed-in Nairobi there is a special terminal in the airport for flowers

...Kenyan flower industry

                            why is kenya good for  flowers:good climate, fairly fertile soil, range of climates and altitudes to provide different flowers which suit different markets                           NEGATIVE of growing flowers-spraying chemicals can cause health problems- some workers complain of rashes, chest complaints, even miscarriages-pesticides and fertilizers are sprayed on the flowers to extend their shelf life and the chemical runoff polutes surrounding soils and water supplies-precious fertile land is taken up to grow the flowers instead of food to feed them-large flower community can use as much water as a community of 20,000. Lake naivasha could disappear -over 60% of Kenyan flower workers are employed as casual workers with no job security.-flight- air travel uses nearly 40% more fuel per tonn than by sea. This causes more pollution and adds to global warming.-some companies pay workers the minimum wage- just over a dollar day- struggle to buy essentials

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key words

CUMULATIVE CAUSATION- a model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places. Globalisation increases the chance of this, as local people can find global markets for their products or attract employers with their skillsMULTIPLIER EFFECT- the positive spin offs that follows an initial investment  (e.g a branch pant) in a region. other firms may gain business supplying parts, the increased spending power of workers stimulates the service sectorGLOBAL HUB- a settlement providing a focal point for activities that have a global influence. All mega cities and world cities are global hub, along with some smaller settlements such as Cambridge, whose university and science park have a global reach.MULTIPLIER EFFECT-the positive spin-offs that follow an initial investment (eg a branch plant) in a region. Other firms may gain buisness supplying parts, the increased spending power of workers simulates the service sector, and higher tax revenues can be invested in education and infrastructur

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Global Hubs

 >Global hubs and other major network nodes are switched on places possessing qualities to make other places want to connect with them, generally linked with the presence of natural or human resources. >Global hubs are world cities or global regions. all are in the core areas of the world and centers of great wealth. ideas and innovation are shared a part of a multiplies effect, leading to a process called cumulative causation.>Flows of money, goods and workers connect the worlds global hubs >global hubs such as Beijing are places where parent companies of major TNCs establish their subsidiary firms. EG cadbury-schweppes which is headquartered in London have established a subsidiary  in the global hub of Mumbai

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Caption: : This is a model to show how cumulative causation works backward linkages-to firms supplying raw materials or component parts. forward linkages- to firms further processing the product or using it as a component part