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Flashcards

Envtox

t s German 149 cards

Cards in this deck (149)

  1. 1Castrengthening teeth, bones, muscles, blood coagulation
  2. 2Ca excess results inbladder and kidney stones
  3. 3Clmaintainance of blood pressure, vital as acid for digestion (if too less HCl no iron uptake possible)
  4. 4Knervous system and muscular functioning
  5. 5MgBones, Muscles, body temp. control, component of several enznymes
  6. 6Nanervous impulses, hydrosaline equilibrium
  7. 7Pmost chemical body reactions, bones
  8. 8P excess results inbones and hair brittle
  9. 9MacronutrientsCa, Cl, K, Mg, Na, P
  10. 10MicronutrientsCo, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn
  11. 11Non-essentail elementsAl, As, Be, Cd
  12. 12CoActive in B12 and chem. reactions
  13. 13Co deficiency/ excesscauses anemia / heart failure
  14. 14Crmetabolism of sugar
  15. 15Cr deficiency /excessdiabetes / Cancer
  16. 16Cuoxidizing enzymes, metabolism of energy
  17. 17Cu deficiency / excessOsteoporosis / ?
  18. 18Fteeth, bones
  19. 19F excessteeth, bones flourosis
  20. 20Itemp. control, body growth, reproduction, thyroidal hormones
  21. 21I excessabnormal growth of thyroid
  22. 22Fecomponent of hemoglobin and enzymes, energy generation and immune system
  23. 23Mngrowth and development, cellular functions, metabolic reactions
  24. 24Mn excessneurological diseases, too much blood
  25. 25Seprevention of vascular and other diseases, neutralizes cell oxidation
  26. 26Se excessNail and hair brittles
  27. 27ZnIn all tissues, bones, muscles, skin, immune system, body growth, protects liver
  28. 28Alcausing bone demineralization, Alzheimers, Interferes with P and Fl
  29. 29AsExcess is carcinogenic
  30. 30BeToxic when inhaled as dust
  31. 31Cdtoxic and carcinogenic Interferes with Zn (inhibits its assimilation)
  32. 32Where do elements come from?H and He come from the BigBang, All elements lighter than Iron come from starburning, Elements heavier than iron come from supernovas
  33. 33What determines the toxicity of an element?Age, gender, weight, individual stress, dose, concentration of substance, health
  34. 34Why is the element concentration different between rock, soil, plant, animal and humanBioaccumulation
  35. 35essential macro and micro nutrientsmacro: C, N, H, O, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, P, Cl
    micro: Cr, Zn, Co, Cu
  36. 36What properties are needed for an element to be considered a nutrientavailability, solubility in water, involved in metabolism
  37. 37What properties are needed for an element to be considered a toxicantaccumulatable, destroy body processes, soluble in water
  38. 38What is bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnificationbioconc.: acc. via outer surface (skin/lung)
    biomagn.: acc. via gut system (food, etc.)
    bioacc.: sum of bioconc. and biomagn.
  39. 39Are there differences in bioavailability between speciesDifferent gut system, pH, enzymes, etc,
  40. 40Why is stechiometry important?Relation of nutrients have to be in line otherwise you develop deficiencies /
    elements can negatively interact with each other
  41. 41Which types of toxicity do you know?Chronic, accute, cancerogenic
  42. 42Which effect do toxic elements have on cells?they destroy structure of cell, impact function of cell, surpress enzymes, lead to cancer
  43. 43Which effect do toxic elements have on individuals?illness, immune system, growth of tumors and malformation, behaviour change, hormonal dysbalance
  44. 44How can bioaccumulation of toxic elements be reduced?good nutrition maintanance, keep elementstorages full so toxicants wont be uptaken.
  45. 45Which uptake pathways do you know?food, skin, lung
  46. 46Which uptake mechanisms do you know?active --> food (magn.)
    passive --> skin, lung (conc.)
  47. 47How is an element transported in the body and what determines in what tissue its accumulated?blood and lymph transport
    function of tissue determines the acc.
  48. 48Why are non essential elements taken up?If properties (weight, charge, ion radicals) are similar or equal to nutrients
  49. 49In which regions of Germany is I availability high and why?near the oceans because of aerosols from water and sea spray
  50. 50What is the result of I deficiency in humans?Iodie deficiency disorder (IDD)
    thyroid cancer
    goiter formation
  51. 51How was the uptake of 131I minimized after Chernobyl accident?hand out of non radioactive I
  52. 52What controls Se availability?Selenate
  53. 53What diseases are related to Se deficiencyKeshan disease = failure of heart muscle
    Keshin-Beck-disease= dwarf syndrom beecause of brittleness of bones
  54. 54What is the main natural source of HgVolcanic gases and eruptions
  55. 55Why is Hg harmful?crosses blood-brain-barrier
  56. 56Bioaccumulation in food chainlipophil -> high acc.
  57. 57What processes interferes Hg?neurological, protein synthesis, cell deviation
  58. 58Why is Cd a strong toxicantHas properties like Zn and is therefore easily uptaken
  59. 59What is the effect of Cd poisining?kidney damage, Hay-Hay-disease, lung tissue if inhaled
  60. 60Why is the uptake of Cd critical?30 yrs half life, low uptake leads still to acc.
  61. 61Conditions that enhance Pb uptake?Fe, Ca, P
  62. 62Why is Pb important toxicant for humans?crosses blood-brain barrier and placenta
  63. 63Which processes are interfered by Pb?Zn enzymes are denaturated, metabolism
  64. 64Symptoms of Pb poisoningcental nervous system, headache, tired, acc. in kidney
  65. 65Main function of macronutrientsCa = strengthen bones, muscular activ.
    Cl = blood pressure, stomach acid
    K = nerve impulses, muscular contract.
    Mg = bones and muscles, body temp.
    Na = nervous signals, blood pressure
    P = bone formation
  66. 66Main functions of micronutrientsCo = B12
    Cr = metabolism of sugars
    Cu = enzymatic activity and hemaglobin
    F = teeth and bones
    I =
    Fe = oxygen transport
    Mn = growth and development
    Se =
    Zn = immune system and growth
  67. 67What do you know about the effect of Al, As and Cd?Al = toxic, related to Alzheimers, reduces acc. of P, Ca
    As = skin and bladder cancer
    Cd =
  68. 68What if Na concentration in blood is too low?Cells expand
  69. 69Which organ controls Na?Kidney
  70. 70What controls the demand for F?Age (during teeth growth more demand)
  71. 71What is the origin of F inputs into ecosystemvolcanoes, marine aerosols
  72. 72Which effect does F have on caries and osteoporosis?helping the risk reduction of these diseases
  73. 73What is the effect of F overload?teeth and bone growth, stonification of ligaments
  74. 74Which minerals contain high amounts of F?Phosphorites: minerals with high P content
  75. 75Why is Zn important for humans?protein complexes, enzymes, alcohol-dehydrogenase, binds insuline, protein digestion, smell and taste
  76. 76What are the symptoms of Zn overload?sickness, vomiting, diarrhea
  77. 77Where is Cu accumulated?liver
  78. 78How is Cu excreted?Via the bile
  79. 79Why is Cu important for humans?enzymes, iron reactions, uptake of Fe
  80. 80What is the Wilson disease?yellow ring around iris called Fleischer-Kayser-Ring --> too much free Cu in body
  81. 81Where binds Cu in the body?albumin in blood and ceruloplasmin
  82. 82Symptoms of Fe deficiencyspoon shaped nails, pica syndrom, stomatitis, spleen enlargement
  83. 83Function of Fe in humanstransport of oxygen in blood, regulation of body temperature, immune system, brain development, muscle action, formation of hemaglobin and myoglobin
  84. 84Where is Fe taken up?small bowel
  85. 85Why is stomach acid important for the Fe uptakeReduction to Fe II
  86. 86What are symptoms of Fe overload?increased liver, diabetes, dark skin, liver zhyrrosis
  87. 87Which component controls the uptake of Ca?Vitamin B3
  88. 88What is the role of Ca in muscles?Messenger: translation from nerve impulse to muscle contraction
  89. 89For which process is Ca also important?Blood clotting
  90. 90Which symptoms occur during Ca overload?sickness --> Ca becomes toxicant
  91. 91Which symptoms occur during Ca deficiency?overreaction of nerves --> cramps
  92. 92How is Sr taken upSame as Ca
  93. 93When was Sr an environmental issue?During the Chernobyl desaster
  94. 94Where is Sr acc. and to which disease can it lead?In the bones and it can cause bonemark cancer
  95. 95Where is Mg taken up?Small bowel
  96. 96How is Mg bound in blood?protein complexes
  97. 97For what is Mg important in humans?muscles contraction, 300 enzyme reactions, immune system, carbohydrate metabolism
  98. 98Which symptoms occur during Mg deficiency?cramps, irregular heartbeat, tremor, sickness
  99. 99Which symptoms occur during Mg overload?apnoe, shock, heart attack
  100. 100What can be done about Mg overload?Increase Ca uptake
  101. 101Which volcanic processes can harm humans?Lava flow, Ashfall, Landslide
  102. 102What determines the flow velocity of lava?temperature and silicate content
  103. 103How did Mt. St. Helens erupt?eruption --> landslide --> lateral pyroclastic flow (lateral blast)
  104. 104What effect have SO2 emissions on climate?cools temperature
  105. 105Which disease results from ash inhalation?stone lung = Silicosis because silicates block lung
  106. 106What happens when too high CO2 emissions are in the air for breathing?CO2 occupies binding space on red blood cells for O2 --> too less oxygen in cells
  107. 107What happens when too high SO2 emissions are in the air for breathing?Asthma, reacting skin and eyes
  108. 108Which diseases are cause by Si compoundsSilicosis, bone tumors
  109. 109What is the origin of these Si compounds?volcanic ashes, mineral dust (miners are prone to silicosis)
  110. 110Which positive effect has Si on humans / animals / plants?hair, skin and nail growth, stronger bones / animal growth (chickens), nervous system / protects plants from funghi and herbivory
  111. 111Which foods contain Sibeer, bread
  112. 112What is the impact of plants on Si in soils?With export of plant material --> depletion of Si
  113. 113Which interdependency exists between silicate weathering and CO2 binding?silicate weathering is sink for CO2 --> bound to Si products
  114. 114Which effect has the transformation of forests to crop land in terms of Si availability in those systems?with no vegetation --> leaching
    export of vegetation --> depletion
  115. 115What is the difference between arsenate and arsenite?arsenite is more mobile and toxic
  116. 116Why is As concentration in drinking water of Bangladesh so high?Conentration of soils is low. Reduction of Fe III to Fe II --> As cannot bind anymore and is leached
  117. 117Which symptoms occur during As poisining?Lung-skin-bladder cancer, vascular diseases
  118. 118Where is As accumulated?Keratin (hair, nails, skin)
  119. 119Why is As methylation a detoxification mechanism?anorganic form is not toxic
  120. 120What can be done against As poisining?Increase resilience by eating low doses of As
  121. 121How are arsenate and arsenite acting toxic?DNA deactivation = arsenite
    Phosphate..?
  122. 122For what is K needed in human body?muscle activity, membrane activity
  123. 123Which types of radiation do you know?alpha, beta, gamma
  124. 124Interdependencies between half-life and radiation?shorter half-life = stronger radiation
  125. 125Effects of radiationchange in DNA --> cancer, production of free radicals
  126. 126Effects of alpha and beta radiationthey don't penetrate the body (only outer skin), a light shield can protect. Ingestion and inhalation can harm
  127. 127Difference of gamma radiation compared to alpha and betapenetrates body cannot easily be shielded
  128. 128Natural sources of radiationcosmic (sun), radioactive isotopes, radon as product form U decay
  129. 129anthropogenic sources of radiationtest of nuclear weapons, nuclear waste, x-ray, fossil fuel combustion, smoke detectors, tobacco
  130. 130Why is the element concentration different in plants / animals / humans?demand of every organism is different.
    Between animals and plants major different is N demand. Therefore plant eaters have to eat a lot of plants to receive enough N
  131. 131Main reasons for Fe deficiency?loss of 1 mg per day in period
    1000mg per day during pregnancy
    nursing
  132. 132Which is the most common single deficiency world wideFe
  133. 133What is the medical use for Li?for manic depressive people
  134. 134Which effect does B (Bor) have?glutamin sythesis is inhibited --> brain damage
  135. 135For what is Al needed?neutralize acid in stomach
  136. 136Which group is mostly affected by Al and why?children because of vaccines
  137. 137Which disease can result from high Al accumulation?Alzheimers
  138. 138Why do we have limits for nitrate in drinking water?Nitrate oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin --> inhibits O2 transportation
    babies cant reduce methemoglobin back to hemoglobin --> lack of O2 --> cyanosis
  139. 139Why is Cr needed?carbohydrometabolism
  140. 140In which form is Co taken up and why is it important?part of B12, red blood cells
  141. 141What is the result of Co overload?vomiting
  142. 142Why is Mo (Molybdenum) needed?Sulfate oxidation
  143. 143Which desease results from Rn?lung, liver cancer
  144. 144Which uptake pathways do you know for Rn?inhalation, tobacco smoke, drinking water
  145. 145Is U rather radio-tone or chemo-tone?chemo-tone
  146. 146What treatments do you know for elimination of U water?accumulation Al / Fl salts
    Ion exchange
    activated carbon
    decarbonization
  147. 147Which uptake pathways do you know for U?Food, water inhalation
  148. 148Which tissue is the most affected by U?kidney
  149. 149What can you do against U poisining?oral dose/ injection of hydrogencarbonate

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Flashcards on Envtox, created by t s on 15/02/2018.
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t s
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