Flashcards
EPR Week 1
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1What is EPR?- "which describes & explains reality"
- gaining knowledge by (in)dircet observation
- focus on explanation & observation of pol. phenomena - 2Name at least 2 keypoints of empirical reserach!1. Based on observation
2. Explains "reality"
3. Is objective
4. Is factual - 3Name at least 2 keypoints of normative research!- Based on what should be (using knowledgle!)
- describes "better" potential "reality"
- Is subjective
- Is value laden - 4- For what key characteristics should you look in (an) empirical reserach?1. specific research question
2. definition of phenomena being explored
3. description of the process used to study this - 5For what is quantitative research used?- gather information through numerical data
- quanitfy defined variables (e.g opinions, behaviors) - 6Name the 4 different types of quantitative research!1. Survey Research
2. Correlation Research
3. Causal Comparative Research
4. Experimental Research - 7What is "Survey Research" used for?- ask questions to a sample of respondents
--> collect data and produce numerical results
- must have randomly selected members !
=> huge variety of respondents - 8Which are the two types of surveys?1. Cross sectional surveys
2. Longtidunal surveys - 9What are the main points of a "Cross-sectional survey" ?- obersvational survey
- researcher conducts data from a sample of the target population
- evaluation of various variables - 10What do the people need to depict (in a cross sectional survey) ?A similarity in all variables !
- 11What are the advantages of a "Cross-sectional survey" ?- Anaylsis & comparison of multiple samples
- Evaluation of multiple variables - 12What are the Disadvantages of a "Cross-sectional survey" ?- cannot establish cause-effect relationship
- Usually evaluation of variables at a certain time period and not across continious time frame - 13What are the main points of "Longtidunal surveys" ?- also an observational survey
- conducted across various time durations
=> observe a change in respondent behavior & thought process
- different variables are being observed - 14In which fields are "Longtidunal surveys" used for?- market trends (market research)
- customer satisfaction
- medicine & aplied science - 15What are the main ponts of "Correlation research" ?- conducted to establish relationship between 2 closely knitted entities
=> how does one impact the other & what changes are eventually observed
- used to correlate 2/ more variables
using mathematical analysis - 16What is the advise for correlation research?It is not mandatory that if two variables are in sync they are interrelated !
- 17What are the main points of "Causal-Comparative Research" ?- depends mainly on the factor of comparison
- used to draw conclusions about cause-effect equation
- always 2 variables (or more): Dependent & Independent - 18Give some examples for a "Causal-Comparative-Research!"- impact of drugs on teenager
- effect of good education on a freshman - 19What are the keypoints of "Experimental Research" ?- also called: true experiment
- reliant on a theory (or more)
=> theory has not been proved yet
=> analysis is done around this theory in order to prove/ disprove it !
- mainly used in natural/ social science - 20What is a theory?A statement which can be verified or refuted !
- 21What efforts are being made after establishing a statement/ theory?Either to verify it or to refute it !
- 22What are the key points of " Qualitative Research " ?1. obtaining data through open-ended questions & conversational comm.
2. allows for in-depth & further probing based on the respond of the respondents
3. interviewer/ researcher tries to understand their motivation & feelings
4. understand how audience makes decisions !
5. random sampling !
6. hard to explain our more complicated world (quantitative is better !) - 23What are the 4 different types of "Qualitative Research methods" ?1. One-on-One Interview
2. Focus groups
3. Ethnographic research
4. Case-Study research - 24What are the key points of a "One-on-One Interview" ?- most common qualitative research method
- great opportunity on what people think, believe, motivations they have
- better opportunity to read the body language - 25What are the key points of "Focus Groups"?- limited number of respondents within your target group (6-10)
- find answers to why, what & how questions
- expensive
- explain complex processes - 26What are the key points of "Ethnographic Research" ?- most in-depth observational method
- studies people in their natural environment
- researcher needs to adapt to the audience's environment
- understand cultures, challenges, motivations that occur - 27What are the key points of "Case Study Reserach" ?- explain organizations or entities
- involves deep dive in understanding of the data collection method and infering this data - 28In EPR: What happens with the collected data ?1. needs to be analyzed => qualitatively or quantitatively
2. by this method the researcher can answer questions => questions need to be clearly defined answerable w/ findings he has got - 29What are the key issues covered by this course ?1. What do we know ?
2. How do we know what we know ?
3. How do we explain the world we live in ? - 30Why is this course useful?1. become a better consumer of information
=> don't take anything as "THE ABSOULTE TRUTH" !
2. become a producer of knowledge
=> useful for the thesis
3. transferable skills
=> literature review - 31What is the "Scientific Method" ?- process of experimentation
=> explore observations & answer questions
- test scientific method
- based on evidence
- method of making inferences (descriptive / causal)
- is replicable - 32What are the assumptions of the Scientific Method?1. nothin is self evident
=> everything needs to be tested
2. world is perceived through our senses
=> individual view
3. truths should be established objectively
=> are tentative
4. all observable phenomena are knowable - 33What are the strengts of the Scientific Method ?1. Based on empirical evidence
2. Allows all ideas
3. Self correcting
4. Scientists are impartial - 34What are the disadvantages of the Scientific method ?1. Science isn't free from error
2. Senses can deceive us
3. Scientists never can be fully unbiased
4. Theories sometimes have to be interpreted - 35What are the limitations of the Scientific method ? (in general)1. cannot prove anything !
2. things change over time (tentative truths)
3. much harder to establish causation (rather than correlation !)
4. Hyp. must be testable & falsifiable
5. cannot make value judgements ! - 36What are the limitations to the Scientific method in political science ?1. Research can change behaviour of subjects
2. Humans are very complex subjects
3. Politics very difficult to measure
4. Control of all contributing factors (variables) impossible ! - 37What are alternatives to the Scientific method ?1. Logic
2. Authority - 38What is meant with "Logic as an alternative to the Scientific method ?"- logic is important but!
=> what happens when logical explanations compete ?
=> how do we decide then ? - 39What is meant with "Authority as an alternative to the Scientific method " ?- not everything that is said in a politcal arguement needs to be true
=> these arguements need to be backed up by evidence/ facts
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- - Lernzettel aus EPR Woche 1 - Uni Mannheim
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- Alexandru Sandor
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