Business Ethics: Utilitarianism, Kant and Rawls

1. 1Which moral philosopher (s) would agree with the following statement : when assessing an ethical dilemma and choosing among alternative actions, one must always look to the consequences and outcomes of the action, and choose the action that creates the greatest good for the greatest number?

   1. AJeremy Bentham
   2. BJohn Stuart Mill
   3. CJohn Rawls
   4. DImmanuel Kant
2. 2In the Mccormick pepper case we discussed in class, we discussed reasons why Mccormick might have made its decision to reduce the amount of pepper in the can (but to leave the can the same size and to charge the same price), including the reason that the revenue benefit to Mccormick was significantly greater than the minor inconvenience suffered by the customer. Watkins, a competitor argued that Mccormick should be required to follow the same rules about"slack fill"that Watkins is required to follow. Which statement below most accurately describes the categories of ethical arguments made by each stakeholder as stated in this paragraph?

   1. AMccormick's decision is supported with a utilitarian argument ; Watkins challenges Mccormick with a rights argument.
   2. BMccormick's decision is supported with a utilitarian argument ; Watkins challenges Mccormick with a fairness argument.
   3. CMccormick's decision is supported with a rights argument ; Watkins challenges Mccormick with a fairness argument.
   4. DMccormick's decision is supported with a rights argument : Watkins challenges Mccormick with a utilitarian argument.
   5. EMccormicks decision is supported with a fairness argument; Watkins challenges Mccormick with a utilitarian argument
3. 3In the National public Radio article about airline tickets that we read for class, what is the most accurate description of 'Hamm's excuse"?

   1. A"Hamm's excuse" stands for the proposition that human beings are not responsible for
   2. B"Hamm's excuse" stands for the proposition that human beings are only responsible for
   3. C"Hamm's excuse"stands for the proposition that human beings are responsible for alleviating
   4. D"Hamm's excuse"stands for the proposition that human beings are only responsible for alleviating problems that are caused by the errors of others.
4. 4In which way are Kant's and Rawls' theories similar?

   1. ABoth provide a"balancing"approach, allowing for different decisions depending upon the stakeholders affected
   2. BBoth seek to provide universal rules to govern ethical action, in all situations and at all times.
   3. CBoth provide a utilitarian approach to ethical decision making, focusing on the higher sentiments as well as physical pleasures.
   4. DBoth affirm the need for basic human rights and the need to treat others with dignity and respect, regardless of wealth.
5. 5In White's article about Gilligan's ethic of care, the separated self is contrasted with the connected self. Which of the following organizational values does not from the "separated self"?

   1. ACollaboration
   2. BAdversarial Conflict
   3. CHierarchy
   4. DCompetition
6. 6Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development would classify these two methods of moral decision making in the "conventional" level

   1. AFear of punishment and obedience to the law
   2. BInfluence of peers and Obedience to the law
   3. CInfluence of peers and Selfish pleasure
   4. DFear of punishment and Selfish pleasure
7. 7In the assigned reading by John Rawls, which principle (s) listed below is/are not among his principles to ensure distributive justice?

   1. APrinciple of equal liberty
   2. BPrinciple of Interpersonal concordance
   3. CDifference principle
   4. DPrinciple of fair equality of opportunity
   5. EPrinciple of psychological distance
8. 8According to Rawls, economic inequality can be justified if individuals choose to follow his universal principle of justice as fairness, which apply to human beings in all political systems.

   1. ARichtig
   2. BFalsch
9. 9In the video we watched about the"poor doors"in New York city, every individual interviewed by the reporter stated that the "poor doors" were ethical, and all stakeholders agreed that the "poor doors" were just a minor inconvenience.

   1. ARichtig
   2. BFalsch
10. 10Dan Ariely's experiments showed that individuals who signed documents at the top tended to include more honest information on the document than those who signed at the bottom.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch

11. 11According to Benthman, the calculation of happiness of any action involves "hedonistic categories”, including the categories of certainty and propinquity, which are measured by the repeatablity or non-repeatablity of pleasure or pain when the action happens for the second, third, fourth, etc. time.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
12. 12Mayor Betsy Hodges demonstrated teleological decision making when she said that building the Southwest Light Rail project would offer the"greatest good for the greatest number."

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
13. 13Bentham's "greatest happiness principle," which equated good with pleasure, is a way to judge whether any individual's action is right or wrong, but cannot be used to judge an action made by a group of individuals or a government entity.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
14. 14In the White article about Carol Gilligan's ethic of care, experiments showed that femate Respondents were more likely than males to return an accidentally-dropped marketing plan without reading it, indicating that they recognized the "connected" nature of business relationships.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
15. 15Property owners who desire the outcome of increased property values near the new stations of the Southwest Light Rail project have a deontological rationale for supporting the project.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
16. 16In the final scene we watched from “Mr. Smith Goes to Washington”, Senator Paine encourages Senator Smith to “play ball”, and to follow what he and the other senators were doing to support Jim Taylor, a moral decision Kohlberg would likely to categorize as post-conventional.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
17. 17In the case of Heinz and the druggist, if Heinz were to decide to steal the drug, he would violate Bentham's categorical imperative because he could not universalize his action.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
18. 18Hennepin County Commissioner Jeff Johnson, in the video posted on canvas, supports the Southwest Light Rail project because It will increase economic development and access to jobs.
    

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
19. 19According to Dan Ariely in his “truth about dishonesty” video and our class discussions, in which of the following situations would someone be less likely to cheat or dishonest?

    1. ATaking cash from a petty cash box.
    2. BWhen you are not reminded of moral codes
    3. CStealing a pencil from a person next to you
    4. DExaggerating the value of a stock.
    5. ETaking a pencil from the supply cabinet at work.
    6. FEating at a restaurant without paying
    7. GDownloading music without paying.
    8. HAfter being reminded of moral codes
20. 20In the case"Heinz and the Druggist,"we are presented with a situation where Heinz must decide whether or not to steal a drug that might save his wife who has cancer. If Heinz were to decide to steal the drug because he has been told by the fellow townspeople that stealing the drug is the right thing to do, this would be an example of what level and stage of decision making according to Kohlberg?

    1. AConventional,"law and order"orientation
    2. BPost-conventional, universal ethical principle orientation
    3. CConventional, interpersonal concordance orientation
    4. DPost-conventional, social contract orientation
    5. EPre-conventional, punishment-and-obedience orientation
    6. FPre-conventional, instrumental-relativist orientation
21. 21Which moral philosopher (s) would agree with the following statement : When assessing an ethical dilemma and choosing among alternative actions, one must always follow a or principle that requires one to respect basic rights and liberties of individuals?

    1. AJeremy Bentham
    2. BJohn Stuart Mill
    3. CJohn Rawls
    4. DImmanuel Kant
22. 22In the Mccormick pepper case we discussed in class, we discussed reasons why Mccormick might have made its decision to reduce the amount of pepper in the can (but to leave the can the same size and to charge the same price), including the reason that the amount of pepper was always clearly and accurately listed on the can in plain view for the customer as evidence of no intent to Leceive. Katrina Linker, of St. Louis, has filed a proposed class action suit in U. S. District Court against Mccormick, for "using a container that deliberately aims to mislead consumers."Which statement below most accurately describes the categories of ethical arguments made by each stakeholder as stated in this paragraph?

    1. AMccormick's decision is supported with a utilitarian argument Linker challenges Mccormick with a fairness argument.
    2. BMccormick's decision is supported with a rights argument ; Linker challenges Mccormick with a rights argument.
    3. CMccormick's decision is supported with a utilitarian argument Linker challenges Mccormick with a rights argument.
    4. DMccormick's decision is supported with a rights argument ; Linker challenges Mccormick with a utilitarian argument.
    5. EMccormick's decision is supported with a fairness argument ; Linker challenges Mccormick with a rights argument.
23. 23Which author wrote the following words :"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied..."?

    1. ALawrence Kohlberg
    2. BJeremy Bentham
    3. CImmanuel Kant
    4. DCarol Gilligan
    5. EJohn Stuart Mill
    6. FJohn Rawls
    7. GDan Ariely
24. 24Which moral philosopher embraced a utilitarian theory of ethical analysis that included a hierarchy of higher and lower pleasures?

    1. ALawrence Kohlberg
    2. BCarol Gilligan
    3. CImmanuel Kant
    4. DJohn Stuart Mill
    5. EDan Ariely
    6. FJohn Rawls
    7. GJeremy Bentham
25. 25Kohlberg's graduate student carol Gilligan had the following response to Kohlberg's definition of the stages of moral development:

    1. ABecause Kohlberg's research experiments used only men, she felt that his results were entirely wrong.
    2. BBecause Kohlberg's research experiments used only men, she felt that his results were always correct for all men but never for any women.
    3. CBecause Kohlberg's research experiments used only men, the felt that his results were correct and needed no additional explanation.
    4. DBecause Kohlberg's research experiments used only men, the felt that his results did not capture the equally valid but different perspectives of women.
26. 26Which author wrote following quote :"Each of these principles applies to a different part of the basic structure; and both concerned not only with basic rights, liberties, and quality ; while the second part of the second principle underwrites the worth of these institutional guarantees. The two principles together, when the first is given priority over the second, regulate the basic institutions which realize these values...."?

    1. ALawrence Kohlberg
    2. BJeremy Bentham
    3. CJohn Rawls
    4. DCarol Gilligan
    5. EImmanuel Kant
    6. FJohn Stuart Mill
    7. GDan Ariely
27. 27According to Dan Ariely in his “truth about dishonesty” video and our class discussions, in which of the following situations would someone be more likely to cheat or dishonest?

    1. ATaking cash from a paper plate in a refrigerator.
    2. BAfter being reminded of moral codes.
    3. CTaking a can of Coke from a refrigerator.
    4. DPurchasing an item with an error on the price tag from a clerk at a store.
    5. EOn a form that requires a signature at the bottom.
    6. FWhen they are not reminded of moral codes.
    7. GBuying an airline ticket through a web site.
28. 28Which of the following ways to distinguish lower from higher pleasures is not one of the ways explained by John Stuart Mill?

    1. AIf one prefers one pleasure to another, even “knowing it to be attended with a greater amount of discontent”
    2. BIf one prefers the manner of existence "which employs their higher faculties"
    3. CIf one prefers the most Intense "of two pleasurable sensations. ·
29. 29Which moral philosopher described a theory hat would set ethical principles
    for a society where some citizens are rich and some citizens are poor?

    1. ALawrence Kohlberg
    2. BJeremy Bentham
    3. CImmanuel Kant
    4. DCarol Gilligan
    5. EJohn Rawls
    6. FJohn Stuart Mill
    7. GDan Ariely
30. 30In the National public Radio article about airline tickets that we read for class, what is the most accurate description of the responses to the public survey questions?

    1. AMost respondents thought that it was ok to buy the tickets. even though it was obvious that the super cheap fare was a mistake, but most respondents did not expect the airlines ta honor the tickets.
    2. BMost respondents thought that it was ok to buy the tickets, even though it was obvious that thesuper cheap fare was a mistake, and most respondents did expect the airlines to honor the tickets.
    3. CMost respondents did not think that it was OK to buy the tickets, even though it was obvious that the super cheap fare was a mistake, but most respondents did expect the airlines to honor the tickets.
31. 31Which author wrote the following words: “that is practically good,however, which determines the will by means of the conceptions of reason, and consequently not from subjective causes, but objectively, that is on principles which are valid for every rational being as such..."?

    1. ALawrence Kohlberg
    2. BImmanuel Kant
    3. CDan Ariely
    4. DJohn Stuart Mill
    5. EJeremy Bentham
    6. FJohn Rawls
    7. GCarol Gilligan
32. 32Which of the following response or responses to McCormic pepper case demonstreate a Kantian analysis?

    1. AMccormick's decision to put less pepper in the same sized can and to charge the same amount is unethical because the long term negative utility to the customer is magnified by the lack of fair play and honesty and the major revenue increase to Mccormick is a short term positive utility.
    2. BMccormick's decision to put less pepper in the same sized can and to charge the same amount is unethical because they knew that most of their customers would not n otice and so Mccormick was intentionally trying to use customers as a means to an end.
    3. CMccormick's decision to put less pepper in the same sized can and to charge the same amount is ethical because they put the correct amount clearly on the front of the can and so were not intentionally trying to use customers as a means to an end.
    4. DMccormick's decision to put less pepper in the same sized can and to charge the same amount is ethical because the negative impact to the customer is so small and the major revenue increase to Mciormick is substantial.
33. 33Which author wrote the following words :"At the last two stages, then, choice is based on the principles that supersede convention, just as previously the claim that society or convention were seen as the grounds for adjudicating differences between individuals..."?

    1. AImmanuel Kant
    2. BDan Ariely
    3. CCarol Gilligan
    4. DJohn Stuart Mill
    5. EJeremy Bentham
    6. FJohn Rawls
    7. GLawrence Kohlberg
34. 34Google is installing high-speed fiber optic internet in many cities, and often only in the neighborhood with strong consumer demand. Google’s supports its decision with the argument that “offering services everywhere is too risky and the profits are lower.” this plan has been challenged by activist groups who argue that Google’s approach of selecting some neighborhoods for high speed internet and not others “leaves out every city's most vulnerable citizens.” which statement below most accurately describes the categories of ethical arguments made by each stakeholder as stated in this paragraph?

    1. AGoogle's decision is supported with a rights argument : the Activists challenge Google with a utilitarian argument
    2. BGoogle's decision is supported with a utilitarian argument ; the Activists challenge Google with a utilitarian argument
    3. CGoogle's decision is supported with a fairness argument the Activists challenge Google with a fairness argument
    4. DGoogle's decision is supported with a utilitarian argument ; the Activists challenge Google with a fairness argument
35. 35In the National Public Radio article about airline tickets that we read far class, what stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg, would describe the decision to purchase a cheap ticket, simply based upon the fact that it is entirely legal and that airlines are required by law to honor the ticket?

    1. AConventional, interpersonal concordance orientation
    2. BConventional, law and order orientation
    3. CPre-conventional, punishment-and-obedience orientation
    4. DPre-conventional, instrumental-relativist orientation
    5. EPost-conventional, social contract orientation
    6. FPost-conventional, universal ethical principle orientation
36. 36According to Kant, which of the following should not be part of the analysis of whether an act is right or wrong?

    1. AUniversalizability of any action
    2. BConsequences of any action
    3. CIntent of the actor alone
    4. DRespect for persons and dignity
37. 37In the video clip we watched and discussed from Mr. smith Goes to Washington, what stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg, would describe the reasoning Jim Taylor suggests for Senator Smith when he tells senator smith that he could have"any job he wants"if senator smith supports the Willet Creek Dam legislation.

    1. APost-conventional, universal ethical principle orientation
    2. BConventional,"law and order"orientation
    3. CPre-conventional, punishment-and-obedience orientation
    4. DConventional, interpersonal concordance orientation
    5. EPost-conventional, social contract, legalistic orientation
    6. FPre-conventional, instrumental-relativist orientation
38. 38According to Kohlberg, which of the three levels of moral development is the most advanced and representative of the most mature decision making?

    1. APre-conventional
    2. BConventional
    3. CPost-conventional
39. 39In the Southwest Light Rail case that we discussed in class, when the Kenilworth
    d residents filed a lawsuit seeking to block the light rail project, alleging that the City of Minneapolis had failed to follow its own rules and procedures and due process by failing to wait far the results of the Environmental Impact Statement, which general category of ethical argument and specific ethical approach are the residents employing to challenge Mayor Hodges'claim that the project will serve the"greater good?"

    1. AThe lawsuit is supported by a teleological argument, focusing on the violation of universal human rights of the neighborhood residents.
    2. BThe lawsuit is supported by a deontological argument, focusing on the lack of procedural fairness and justice in the Citlfs approval process.
    3. CThe lawsuit is supported by a teleological argument, focusing on the greater utility and social benefit of NOT allowing the light rail project to proceed.
    4. DThe lawsuit is supported by a deontological argument, focusing on the violation of universal human rights of the neighborhood residents.
    5. EThe lawsuit is supported by a teleological argument, focusing on the lack of procedural fairness and justice in the citvs approval process.
    6. FThe lawsuit is supported by a deontologicat argument, focusing on the greater utility and socialbenefit of NOT allowing the light rail project to proceed.
40. 40Which of the following statements is accurate in describing Rawl s' principles of justice?
    

    1. AThey provide a teleological, utilitarian approach for assessing distributive justice in a society with social and economic inequalities
    2. BThey provide a deontological, universal approach for assessing distributive justice
    3. CThey provide deontological principles for assessing distributive justice in a society with social and economic inequalities
41. 41According to Bentham, which one of the following"hedonistic categories"is used to measure the overall pleasure or pain an act would cause among a population of individuais?

    1. AIntensity
    2. BExtent
    3. CDuration
    4. DPurity
    5. EFecundity
    6. FCertainty
42. 42In January 2015, when the New England Patriots played the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC title game (which the Patriots won 45-7), it was discovered that the football used by the Patriots had been deliberately under-inflated with air. For his part in the scandal, Patriots quarterback Tom Brady would eventually serve a our-game suspension in the Fall of 2016. which of the following statements below is correct both factually and analytically according to information presented in our readings and class lectures?

    1. AIf Tom Brady intentionally tired to make an exception for himself, violating rules that expected other to follow, then he would violate Bentham’s categorical imperative.
    2. BIf Tom Brady conspired with others to under-inflate the footballs, simply because he wanted the of slightly-softer footballs in the cold outdoor stadium, with no regard for the impact of his decision on others, then he would be dem onstrating a pre-conventional level of decision-making according to Rawl’s stage theory of moral development.
    3. CIf Tom Brady intentionally decided to break the NFL rules by having footballs slightly-deflated, based upon a careful consideration of the risks, benefits and potential punishment, then he would be demonstrating Ariely described as the SMORC, the"simple model of rational crime."
43. 43If Martin Shkreli truly believed that raising the price of Daraprim was, as he said in the video,"altruistic,"(intending to do good for others) and that by raising the price his drug company would have the financial ability to invest in research and development so that it could create new drugs that would help more current and future patients, what level of moral decision-making would he be using?

    1. APre-conventional
    2. BPost-conventional
    3. CConventional
44. 44In the video posted on Canvas about the three drug companies that manufacture insulin, the three drug companies are accused of what activity?

    1. AReducing the amount of insulin in the container, yet still charging the same price
    2. BEngaging in collusion instead of competition, drastically raising prices together
    3. CDefending the act of raising prices because all the other drug companies are doing it
45. 45In the two"Choo Choo Bob"videos we watched about the Southwest Light Rail project,what is the challenge that Choo Choo Bob and Charlie Rat describe at the end of each video?

    1. AHow can we best achieve an outcome for southwest Light rail that exhibits care for everybody?
    2. BHow can we best achieve an outcome for southwest Light rail that respects everybody's rights?
    3. CHow can we best achieve an outcome for southwest Light rail that balances everybody's interests?
    4. DHow can we best achieve an outcome for southwest Light rail that makes everybody happy?
46. 46Choosing to drive a car in the carpool lane with only one occupant, simply because "everyone else is doing it, too," would be characterized as a “pre-conventional" decision, according to Kohlberg

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
47. 47Since Kant believed that human beings have dignity and a value beyond price, all commercial transaction between persons violate his universal principles of respect for persons, and are therefore immoral.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
48. 48Carol Gilligan's levels of moral development include a "pre-conventional" level, wheres care for others and fail to care for themselves.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
49. 49According to Kant, intentionally choosing to break the rules, and making an exception for yourself when you expect others to act according to the rules, violate the categorical imperative.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
50. 50Aggressive use of mark-to-market accounting was used by Enron to “hide" bad debts and toxic assets, making Enron's current financial position seem stronger than it actually was.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
51. 51in the video we watched, Carlson school graduate Steele Lorenz developed a biomass stove for the rural poor in India, an example of product development within the constraints of the innovation sandbox.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
52. 52In the video we watched about the oil drilling in the Niger Delta, a village elder of the Ogoni people described how the villagers worked together closely with Royal Dutch Shell to ensure that important agricultural and fishing areas would be preserved, ensuring that the "greater good"would be fairly distributed.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
53. 53Shareholders of western clothing retailers can be said to demonstrate a post-conventional level of moral decision making if they show concern about hazardous working conditions for Bangladesh workers and encourage retailers to join the Accord or Alliance to help improve worker safety.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
54. 54In the video we watched about Enbridge and the Line 3 project, we learn about Enbridge plan to build a new pipeline in collaboration with the Leech Lake and White Earth bands, who welcome a safer pipeline so that their wild rice harvest rights can be protected.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
55. 55Rawls’ principles of Justice are neither universal nor utilitarian, but can still be properly categorized as a deontological approach.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
56. 56Free markets can be considered "ethical” for many reasons, including the reason that free markets can offer useful products that please customers in the marketplace.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
57. 57The Triangle Shirtwalst Factory Fine and the Tazreen Factory Fire were similar in many ways, including the fact that many young women died, that many of the fire exit doors at the times of the fires were Inadequate, and that the response to both fires included new laws, vigorously enforced by the national governments, to protect all factory workers.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
58. 58Which author wrote the following quote :"As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the product of, so much is his property. He by his labour does, as it were, enclose it from the common...."?

    1. ALawrence Kohlberg
    2. BJeremy Bentham
    3. CAdam Smith
    4. Dcarol Gilligan
    5. EImmanuel Kant
    6. Fjohn stuart Mill
    7. GJohn Rawls
    8. HDan Ariely
    9. IJohn Locke
    10. JDavid Ricardo
59. 59based upon the information contained in the Exhibits In the Enron case, which of the following statement (s) are correct ?

    1. AEnron’s Code of Ethics had a conflict of interest policy with a general rule against full-time officers and employees owing an interest in another entity that does business with or is a competitor of Enron.
    2. BEnron's revenues from Domestic Trading from 1999 to 2000 were significantly higher than the revenues from International operations and Domestic Pipelines.
    3. CSherron Watkins, in her letter to Ken Lay, said that she was"incredibly nervous that we will implode in a wave of accounting scandals.”
60. 60Which of the following is/are the most accurate description (s) of product development as described in the lecture and prahalaďs article about the "innovation sandbox"?

    1. AWhen designing products far the BOP, one must remember that poor customers in developing nations willingly accept new technology.
    2. BWhen designing products far the BOP, one should adopt a playful, creative attitude and have as much fun as possible, with no limits for one's ultimate idea.
    3. CWhen designing products tor the BOP, one must art in rational self-interest at all times, with no regard for the actual needs of the customer.
    4. DWhen designing products for the BOP, one must operate within certain constraints so that the products can be affordable and accessible to the customer.
61. 61which author wrote the following quote “it is this convergence-of new players, on a new playing field, developing new processes for horizontal collaboration-that I believe is the most important force shaping global economics and policy in the early 21st century"?

    1. AAdam Smith
    2. BDavid Ricardo
    3. CJohn Locke
    4. DCarol Gilligan
    5. ECK prahalad
    6. FLawrence Kohlberg
    7. GThomas Friedman
62. 62According to Kohlberg, which of the three levels of moral development would Andy Fastow demonstrate if he decided to take personal profits from the special purpose entities he set up to"hide"toxic assets from Enron, simply because he saw that other executives at other pubic companies also participated in the same activity?
    

    1. Apost-conventional
    2. BPre-conventionaı
    3. Cconventional
63. 63According to Bentham, which one of the following"hedonistic categories" is Used to measure the length of time that an anion would bring pleasure?

    1. AIntensity
    2. BPurity
    3. CDuration
    4. DFecundity
    5. EExtent
    6. FCertainty
    7. GPropinquity
64. 64A living wage standard for wages in developing countries is established by the free employment choices of informed workers in those countries.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
65. 65 Thomas Friedman's explanation of globalization includes"outsourcing"as one "flattener,"increasing opportunities and lowering barriers for international business transactions.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
66. 66A"classical liberal standard"for establishing wage anal safety standards in a developing country is characterized by strong government regulation, with rules and laws setting minimum wage levels and with safety conditions closely monitored by government officials.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
67. 67Walmart was not aware that the Tuba Group had sent its order to the Tazreen factory at the time of the fire in November 2012.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
68. 68Gilligan would characterize the efforts of the "Alliance"and the"Accord"as being a representative of the "separated self," based on competition and not collaboration.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
69. 69M-Pesa banking in Kenya is an example of an "asset heavy" business strategy, building new buildings and investing in physical infrastructure so that the"base of the pyramid" can have access to banking services.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
70. 70Ken Lay had considerable political connections and a PhD in economics, and he hired Jeff Skilling, with an MBA from Harvard, to develop the energy trading business for Enron.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
71. 71Choosing to operate a clothing factory with numerous fire safety violations simply because other factory owners have also chosen to ignore fire safety rules would be characterized as a pre-conventional decision, according to Kohlberg

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
72. 72When Adam Smith described his theory of division of labor and specialization, he chose to illustrate his theory with a description of workers in a pin factory.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
73. 73Ricardo's theory of "comparative advantage" recognized the value of traditional ways of farming and producing goods, encouraging countries to support local and intergenerational cultural traditions as a way of achieving greater overall economic growth.

    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
74. 74In the Enron case we discussed in class. we discussed reasons why Enron executives might have made the decision to use mark-to-market accounting, including the reason that mark-to-market accounting is commonly followed by many other companies in other Industries. After the collapse of Enron, critics have pointed out that mark-to-market accounting was not an accurate way to measure the current value of future contracts in the energy industry, which had highly volatile and unpredictable prices, accusing Enron executives of intentionally fraudulently reporting excessive profits using mark-to-market accounting in order to keep stock price high, with no regard for transparency to shareholders. Which statement below most accurately describes the categories of moral development made by each stakeholder as stated in this paragraph?

    1. AEnron executives’'reasoning supporting the use of mark-to-market accounting demonstrates conventional decision making, and critics describe Enron executives' decision making as conventional.
    2. BEnron executives'reasoning supporting the use of mark-to-market accounting demonstrates pre-conventional decision making, and critics describe Enron executives' decision making as pre-conventional.
    3. CEnron executives'reasoning sypporting the use of mark-to-market accounting demonstrates post-conventional decision making, and critics describe Enron executives ' decision making as conventional.
    4. DEnron executives'reasoning supportıng the use of mark-to-market accounting demonstrates pre-conventional decision makina and critics describe Enron executives decision making as conventional.
    5. EEnron executives’ reasoning supporting the use of mark-to-market accounting demonstrates conventional decision making, and critics describe Enron executives'decision making as pre-conventional.
    6. FEnron executives'reasoning supporting the use of mark-to-market accounting demonstrates pre-conventıonal decision making, and critics describe Enron nonconsecutive making as post-conventional.
75. 75In which way are Bentham's and Mill’s theories similar?

    1. ABoth provide a consequential approach to ethical declension making, focusing on the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
    2. BBoth affirm the need for basic human rights and the need to treat others with dignity and respect, regardless of wealth
    3. CBoth provide a "balancing"approach, allowing for different decisions depending upon how principles of fairness are applied
    4. DBoth provide a consequential approach to ethical decision making, giving greater vague to consequences that demonstrate higher sentiments.
76. 76which author wrote the following quote :"This great increase in the quantity of work, which, in consequence of the division of labour, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances ; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another and, Iastıy, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.....'.'?

    1. AJohn stuart Mill
    2. BThomas Friedman
    3. CAdam Smith
    4. DCK Prahalad
    5. EJohn Locke
    6. FDavid Ricardo
77. 77According to Kant which of the following should be part of the analysis of whether an act is right or wrong?

    1. AThe Intent of the actor
    2. BIntensity of the pleasure of the action
    3. CUniversality of any action
    4. DRespect for persons and dignity
    5. EAppreciation for higher sentiments
78. 78In White's article about Gilligan's ethic of care, the separated self is contrasted with the connected self. Which one of the following examples from our course readings and discussions is representative of the"separated self'?
    

    1. AA The Ogoni people choosing to smoke and sell fish to care for their children
    2. BPrahalad's description of the process to develop the biomass stove
    3. CWalmart decision to join the Alliance for Bangladesh worker safety
    4. DEnron's "Performance Review Council " rating system for employees
79. 79Modern economies contain elements of three economic systems-tradition, commands, and markets. Which economic system does government regularization of the prices charged to consumers of a natural gas utility Industry represent?

    1. ACommand-based
    2. BTradition-based
    3. CMarket-based
80. 80Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the theory of "comparative advantage" as explained by David Ricardo?

    1. ACountries should encourage local companies to continue to manufacture a wide range of goods, avoiding division of labor and specialization, but should still encourage trade with other countries of any excess production.
    2. BCountries should encourage local companies to specialize in area of manufacturing in which they are most productive, and to then to trade with other countries for the other goods that are needed.
    3. CCountries should encourage division of labor anal specialization among local companies and encourage them to trade excess production with each other, and should avoid trade with other countries.
    4. DCountries should encourage local companies to continue to manufacture a wide range of goods, avoiding division of labor and specialization, and should avoid trade with other countries.
81. 81Which of the following statement (s) about the garment industry in Bangladesh CORRECT according to the information supplied by the case we read on the topic?

    1. AWalmart was not aware that fire safety is an industry-wide challenge in Bangladesh
    2. B80% of the garment workers in Bangladesh are unskilled women, and most of are not members of local trade unions
    3. CBangladesh lacks basic fire safety laws to protect factory workers
    4. DMany of the competitive pressures in Bangladesh are encouraged by Western consumers'desires for cheap clothing
    5. EBangladesh's garment industry is the second largest in the world after china
82. 82In the Adam Smith excerpt that we read, entitled"Wealth of Nations,"which of the following is not a consequence of division of labor and specialization?

    1. A“Universal opluence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people...”
    2. B"Every workman... Is enabled to exchange a great quantity of his own goods for a great quantity... or the price of a great quantity..."
    3. C"Thus labor, in the beginning, gave a right of property..."
83. 83In the homework feedback video we watched featuring Safarlcom CEO Bob Colıymore, what group did he specific mention that"needs to be served and there's also commercial viability in doing that."?

    1. AThe customers at the top of the pyramid for large cash transactions
    2. BThe bankers who want to serve wealth customers more coefficient
    3. CThe customers at the base of the pyramid for small cash transactions
84. 84A" rights" argument in opposition to Royal Dutch sheıı's oil drilling that could be made by the Ogoni people of the Niger Deıta is best exemplified by which argument below?

    1. ARoyal Dutch Shell is polluting the resources needed by the Ogoni to pursue their chosen way of life, taking away their dignity and ability to choose how to provide for their children, and forcing them to move.
    2. BRoyal Dutch Shell ls polluting the resources needed by the ogoni to pursue their chosen way of life, and this burden is beins borne by the Ogoni without compensation from Shell, which has greatly benefited.
    3. CRoyal Dutch Shell is poll uting the resources needed by the Ogoni to pursue their chosen way of life, and this has resulted in terrible consequences that have impacted farming and fishing and reduced overall societal good.
85. 85 Which author wrote the following quote : "However, these four billion people who make up the BOP are not a monolith, They represent multiple cultures, ethnicity, literacy, capabilities, and needs. They can be segmented in multiple ways..... »?

    1. AAdam Smith
    2. BThomas Frıedman
    3. CJohn Locke
    4. DDavid Ricardo
    5. ECK Prahaıad
86. 86What the product did CK Prahaıad describe in great deal that was developed to sell in rural India?

    1. ASingle-use shamlpoo packets
    2. BMobile banking systems for cell phones
    3. CA bio-mass stove for safer cooking
    4. DDrip irrigatinn systems for small plot farmers
87. 87which of the following statements is the most accurate example of an application of Rawls' principles of distributive justice?

    1. AGarment manufacturers employ millions of Bangldesh workers, and should choose to follow the United Nations' Universal Deceleration of Human Rights, focusing on universal human respect arid dignity for all countries.
    2. BGarment manufacturers employ millions of Bangladesh workers, and should choose to follow fire safety laws to ensure that workers have equality of opportunity in employment and that the poorest are still able to benefit from the economic benefits of the garment industry-
    3. CGarment manufacturers employer millions of Bangladesh workers, and their failure to follow fire safety laws creates a fair equality of opportunity for other countries to trade with Bangladesh, which has comparative labor value because the cost of additional fire safety precautions is avoided.
    4. DGarment manufacturers employ millions of Basglaclesh workers, and their failure to follow fires safety laws only causes harm to a small percentage of the workforce, yet provides economic benefit for many others.
88. 88 Modern economic systems contain elements of three economic systems-traditions, commands, and markets. In which economic system are decisions about appropriate wages and working conditions set by the free choices of informed workers?

    1. ATradition-based
    2. BCommand-based
    3. CMarket-based
89. 89Which author wrote the following quote :”If Portugal had no commercial connexion with other countries, instead of employing a great part of her capital and industry in the production of wines, with which the ourchases for her own use the cloth and hardware of other countries, she would be obliged to devote a part of that capital to the manufacture of those commodities, which she would thus obtain probably inferior in nuality as well as quantity..."?

    1. AAdam Smith
    2. BJohn Locke
    3. CThomas Friedman
    4. DCK Prahalad
    5. EDavid Ricardo
90. 90Which author wrote the following words :"At the last two stages, then, choice is based on the principles that supersede canverrtion, just as previously the claims of society or convention were seen as the grounds for adjudicating difference between individuals..."?

    1. AImmanuel Kant
    2. BLawrence Kohlberg
    3. CAdam Smith
    4. DJohn Stuart Mill
    5. EJeremy Bentham
    6. FJohn Rawls
    7. GCarol Gilligan
    8. HJohn Locke
91. 91Which moral philosopher(s) would agree with the following statement: when assessing an ethical dilemma and choosing among alternative actions in a constitutional democracy, one must have rules designed to protect fair equality of opportunity for individuals and protect the least advantaged individuals?

    1. AJohn Rawls
    2. BImmanuel Kant
    3. CJeremy Bentham
    4. DJohn Stuart Mill
92. 92Which of the following responses to the factory fires in Bangladesh would be considered an example(s) of a “market economy” response?

    1. AIndividual retailers separately voluntarily choosing to take on the extra costs of inspecting and certifying those factories that would be"approved"
    2. BBangladesh workers choosing to leave unsafe and low-paying factory jobs for those factories that paid better and had better safety records
    3. CAggressive enforcement of Bangladesh's existing Factory Rules by government officials and inspectors
    4. DCoalitions of retailers banding together to share the costs of factory inspections and choosing to cooperate in the area of fire safety out of respect and care for he workers
    5. EThe passage of new laws targeted specifically at improving fire safety and working conditions in the garment industry by the Bangladesh parliament.
93. 93Which of the following concepts is not a feature of a perfectly competitive free market?

    1. ANumerous buyers and sellers
    2. BAll can freely enter/leave the market
    3. CFull transparency, knowledge of quality, quantity and price
    4. DGoods similar between specific buyers and 5pllers
    5. EBuyers and sellers are utility maximize
    6. FExternal parties regulate transactions
94. 94In the Adam Smith excerpt that we read from,"Wealth of nations,” what concept does he describe that promotes public economic interests indirectly by focusing on rational self-interest of individuals?

    1. AThe division of labor and specialization
    2. BThe elements of perfectly free competition
    3. CThe"invisible hand"of he marketplace
    4. DThe veil of ignorance
95. 95Based upon the information contained in the Exhibits in the Enron case which of the following statement is/are incorrect?

    1. AJeff Skilling abruptly resigned as CEO of Enron on August 14, 2001.
    2. BEnron's month end stock price in 1999 and 2000 was often well below the month end once of other stocks on the Standard & Poor's Index.
    3. CBefore the collapse of Enron, Ken Lay had a career as a highly respected business leader.
96. 96Based upon the information contained in the Enron case and the information presented in class, which individual listed below is credited with the most direct responsibility for (and personal self-enrichment from) Enron's development of complicated"special purposeentitv structures by which Enron was able to keep significant amounts of debt from being consolidated into their financial statements?

    1. ARebecca Mark
    2. BKen Lay
    3. CJeff Skilling
    4. DAndy Fastow
    5. ESherron Watkins
97. 97which moral philosopher (s) would agree with the following statement: When assessing an ethical dilemma and choosing among alternative actions, one must always look to the consequences and outcomes of the action, giving greater value to the outcomes that are valued by human rational thought instead of mere sensation, and choose the action that creates the greatest good for the greatest number?

    1. AEmanuel Kant
    2. BJeremy Bentham
    3. CJohn Stuart Mill
    4. DJohn Rawls
98. 98If John Rawls were to analyze the Bangladesh factory fire case, which of statements would be most accurate factually and according to his theory of justice as fairness?

    1. AThe treatment of the workers was unethical because they factory owners should have had a responsibility to their long term employees based upon their relationship to take greater care of their needs and to balance that duty with their duty to make profits.
    2. BThe treatment of the workers at the Tazreen factory was unethical because of the tragic and fatal outcome of the fire in which 112 workers died, causing not only immediate physical pain and suffering but also causing overall societal grief and despair.
    3. CThe treatment of the workers was unethical because they were not only denied their basic rights, but also because the workers did not have fair opportunity to choose another job and their low status deprived them of being able ta benefit in a meaningful way from he garment industry.
    4. Dhe treatment of the workers was unethical because the Tuba group intentionally sent Walmart's order to the Tazreen factory, which was known to be unsafe, and in so doing used the Factory workers as a means to an end.
99. 99In White's article about Gilligan's ethic of care, the separated self is contrasted with the connected self. Which of the following examples from our course readings and discussions a re representative of the"separate-self °?

    1. APrahaıad's description of product design in the"innovation sandbox"
    2. BH & M's decision to join the Accord on Fire and Building safety in Bangladesh
    3. CGarment manufacturers com competing to offer the lowest prices to retail customers despite known safety concerns in Bangladesh factories
    4. DThe decision of the ogonı people to fish sustain to support their children
100. 100Which of the following are among the"Four As"described by Prahalad?

     1. AAvaildbility-the product must have an uninterrupted supply
     2. BAnalytical-products must be designed using logic and precision
     3. CAttractive-the product must be stylish and fashionable
     4. DAwareness-consumers need to be taught about the product and its use
     5. EAeroclynamic-products must have a low drag cocffficient
     6. FAccess-proucts must be able to be distributed in rural areas
101. 101According to Kohlberg, which of the following islare characteristics of stage theories of development?

     1. AStages develop over time, as"structured wholes,"or organized systems of thought.
     2. BStages are sequential-movement is always forward, never backward, and individuals only very rarely skip stages.
     3. CStages are variant-movement may be forward or backward, and individuals may often skip stages.
     4. DSages are"hierarchal integrations,"so that thinking at a higher stage includes within it lower stage thinking.
102. 102 In the Adam Smith excerpt that we read from Wealth of Nations, what concept does he describe that allows individual workers to be more productive, and to benefit from this excess production in the marketplace?

     1. AThe"invisible hand"of the marketplace
     2. BThe equilibrium of the free market
     3. CThe division of labor and casualization
     4. DThe veil of ignorance
103. 103which standard of determining the appropriate wage and safety conditions in developing countries is based upon the free choice of informed workers in that developing country?
     

     1. AThe classical liberal standard
     2. BThe home country standard
     3. CThe living wage standard
104. 104A teenager from Ukraine who is able to hack into and steal credit card numbers from Target Corporation using his laptop provides a frightening example of which of the following stages of globalization described by Thomas Friedman?

     1. AGlobalization 1. 0
     2. BGlobalization 3. 0
     3. CGlobalization 2. 0
105. 105In the John Locke excerpt that we read, entitled"of property,"what is it that allows a person to claim private ownership in a natural resource?

     1. AShe found it first, and therefore she owns it
     2. BShe added value by her labor, and therefore she owns it
     3. CShe had a surplus, so therefore she owns it
     4. DShe can trade it for gold or silver, so therefore the owns it
106. 106 Which of the following concepts Is not feature of a perfectly competitive free market?

     1. AOnly sophisticated bestsellers, some dominate the market
     2. BAll can freely enter/leave the market
     3. CFull transparency, knowledge of quality, quantity and price
     4. DGood so similar no one prefers buyers or sellers
     5. ENo external parties regulate the price
107. 107Based upon the information contained in the Enron case and the information Presented in class, which individual listed below is credited with the most direct responsibility for Enron’s “asset heavy” international business development?

     1. ARebecca Mark
     2. BKen Lay
     3. CJeff Skilling
     4. DAndy Fastow
     5. ESherron Watkins
108. 108An Enron shareholder who purchased stock based upon fraudulent information provided by Enron management could ACCURATELY describe the ethical violation using which statement below?

     1. AEnron violated Bentham and Mill's theory of utility by deceiving investors because the deceptive financial statements took away the negative freedom from deception from shareholders, intentionally using them as a means to an end.
     2. BEnron violated Bentham and Mill's theory of utility by deceiving investors because it did not follow accounting rules designed to provide a fair opportunity for shareholders and investors to understand the true financial performance of the compan'in its audited financial reports.
     3. CEnron violated Kant's categorical imperative because the deceptive financial statements took away the negative freedom from deception from shareholders, intentionally using them as a means to an end.
     4. DA Enron violated tms'principles of distributive justice by deceiving investors because, after the fraud became public and the company filed for bankruptcy, the overall outcome did not create greatest societal utility for the greatest number.
109. 109Which of the following statements is most accurate about Thomas Friedman's conclusion at the end of the article about globalization we read for class?

     1. AThe annual revenue of every society is always precisely equal to the exchangeable value of the whole annual production of its industry.
     2. BEvery individual is going to have to run a little faster if he or she wants to advance his or her standard of living.
     3. CThis demands that we do not just create awareness but build ecosystems for acquiring new customers.
     4. DIt is very easy to conceive how labor can at first create a title in the common things of nature.
110. 110Ken Lay had considerable political connections and a PhD in economics, and he hired Jeff Skilling, with an MBA from Harvard, to develop the energy trading business for Enron.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
111. 111The offer and acceptance of an adjustable-rate mortgage to a sub-prime borrower would not violate Kant's categorical imperative, as long as the mortgage contract has positive outcomes for all parties, even if the borrower would not have chosen the mortgage with full disclosure of risk by the mortgage lender.
     

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
112. 112According to the 2009 McKinsey survey about leadership during and after the financial crisis, more than 60 percent of all respondents believed that companies with diverse leadership teams including women generated higher financial returns, but less than 30 percent said gender diversity was a top-ten agenda item for their companies.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
113. 113According to Rawls, economic inequality can never be justified, even if all parties follow the principle of equal liberty, the principle of fair equality of opportunity, and the difference principle.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
114. 114According to Milton Friedman, the social responsibility of business is to create shared value for all stakeholders, including customers at the bottom of the pyramid, through redefining products and markets.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
115. 115When Porter &Kramer discuss energy use and logistics in the value chain, they describe a way of measuring value that can place constraints on Ricardo's argument in favor of comparative advantage and free trade among nations, regardless of location around the globe.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
116. 116A "home country standard" for establishing wage and safety standards in a developing country is characterized by free choices of informed workers in the "market" of employment opportunities.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
117. 117If a mortgage lending firm intentionally pursues a strategy of placing low-income consumers into risky sub-prime loans without disclosing the risks, that firm would be demonstrating immoral management, according to Carroll.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
118. 118According to Porter & Kramer, government regulation is necessary for well-functioning markets and can encourage companies to pursue shared value.
     

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
119. 119Choosing to engage in risky derivatives transactions, simply because other banks were also engaged in similar transactions, and there were no rules prohibiting such transactions, would be characterized as a "conventional" decision, according to Kohlberg.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
120. 120A key factor for Carroll in his description of "corporate social responsibility" is the duty of the corporate executive to maximize shareholder return, with no regard to other stakeholders.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
121. 121According to Schein's theory, company culture is primarily driven by government regulation and customer preferences, and by the words and actions of company managers and leaders.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
122. 122A similarity between the global aid efforts of Merck and Mosaic, as portrayed in the videos we watched in class is the fact that both companies have committed to donating needed products to poor communities for as long as those products are needed to alleviate suffering.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
123. 123According to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, the Federal Reserve was prepared for the events of 2007 and 2008, because it was clear to key policy makers that mortgage securitization risks in the financial system had been concentrated.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
124. 124A similarity between the global aid efforts of Merck and Mosaic, as portrayed in the videos we watched in class, is the fact that both companies have partnered with local leaders and organizations in the countries here their programs are in place demonstrating what Carroll would recognize as an "moral management" orientation toward community stakeholders.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
125. 125Porter & Kramer's statement that "profits involving a social purpose represent a higher form of capitalism" can be seen as an example of John Stuart Mill’s argument in favor of utilitarian outcomes that place value on higher sentiments, and greater overall societal happiness.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
126. 126"Special purpose entities" were used by Enron to move toxic debt and other assets off of Enron's audited financial statements, making Enron's financial position seem stronger than it actually was.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
127. 127 Ricardo's theory of "comparative advantage" is completely aligned with Porter & Kramer's description of "local cluster development," which emphasizes the intentional cultivation of diverse local economies as a way to create more robust and transparent markets.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
128. 128Porter & Kramer explain the strategy of "Creating Shared Value" by using a deontological argument, explaining that CSV is based upon the duty of a firm to be a good corporate citizen to all stakeholders, not just shareholders.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
129. 129According to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, the financial crisis was avoidable because it was the result of human action and inaction, and not computer models gone haywire.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
130. 130Since Kant believed that human beings have free will and a dignity and a value beyond price, the categorical imperative would hold that all commercial transaction involving deception or fraud are immoral.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
131. 131A teleological rationale that would support corporate social responsibility would include the argument that a company which has benefited from the community owes a duty to use its resources to assist community members.
     

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
132. 132When Adam Smith described his theory of division of labor and specialization, he chose to illustrate his theory with a description of workers in a garment factory.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
133. 133A teleological rationale for reducing the amount of pepper without reducing the size of the container would carefully balance the burdens and benefits to all parties, using principles to ensure fair opportunity for all.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
134. 134A "living wage" standard for wages can be achieved when wages are calculated based upon the actual cost of housing,food, etc. in the developing country where the worker lives.
     

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
135. 135Thomas Friedman described the era of company globalizing as Globalization 1.0.
     

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
136. 136According to Bentham, the calculation of happiness of any action involves "hedonistic categories,'' including duration and propinquity, which are both measured when an action occurs for the first time.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
137. 137Walmart was unaware that the Tazreen factory was dangerous at the time of the fire in November 2012.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
138. 138Rawls' principles of justice are neither universal nor utilitarian, but can still be properly categorized as a deontological approach.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
139. 139Creating economic value by creating societal value through reconceiving products and markets for billions of new customers at the bottom of the pyramid is rejected by Porter & Kramer as Prahalad's "old, narrow view of capitalism."

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
140. 140Modern economic systems contain elements of three economic systems - traditions, commands and markets. Which economic system is supported by Congress passing a law banning the regulation of the OTC derivatives market in 2000?

     1. ATradition-based
     2. BCommand-based
     3. CMarket-based
141. 141If a company seeks to assist society by first focusing on profits, and then by giving voluntary and discretionary corporate financial support to community organizations, in which approach to social responsibility is it engaged?

     1. APorter & Kramer's Creating Shared Value approach
     2. BMilton Friedman's Shareholder Rights approach
     3. CArchie Carroll's Corporate Social Responsibility approach
142. 142Which of the following statements is not an example of the theory of "creating shared value" as explained by Porter & Kramer?

     1. ACompanies should work with local governments and other companies to invest in creating local "clusters" of key businesses .
     2. BCompanies should assume that all corporate efforts to improve social issues are inefficient, reduce profits, and do not maximize shareholder value.
     3. CCompanies should invest in building production capacity for their key suppliers in developing countries.
     4. DCompanies should seek to measure costs relating to environmental pollution from operations and then make strategic changes that lower emissions and expenses.
143. 143Which of the following stakeholders created a innovative product backed by mortgage payments that helped to fuel the "securitization food chain"?

     1. AHomeowners, by purchasing homes with subprime mortgages
     2. BInvestors, by buying shares of CDO's with investment-grade ratings
     3. CBankers, by originating subprime mortgages for borrowers
     4. DInvestment bankers, by pooling mortgage payments into CDO's
144. 144Which of the following elements is not considered to be part of "Creating Shared Value"?

     1. AJoint company and community value creation
     2. BIn response to external pressure, discretionary
     3. CIntegral to competing
     4. DRealigns the entire company budget
145. 145Which author(s) wrote the following quote: "The kind of leadership behavior that executives say will most help their companies through the current crisis, such as inspiring others and defining expectations and rewards, are the same ones they say will help their companies thrive in the future ..."

     1. AMilton Friedman
     2. BArchie Carroll
     3. CPorter & Kramer
     4. DFinancial Crisis Inquiry Commission
     5. ESims & Brinkmann (Schein)
     6. FMcKinsey & Company
146. 146Which of the following examples of corporate social performance would not be characterized as "creating shared value"?

     1. ANew distribution models for rural villages run by female entrepreneurs
     2. BSupporting fair trade by paying more for coffee grown by poor farmers
     3. CSourcing produce for its food sections from local farms near warehouses
     4. DBuilding both agricultural and financial firms near local growing regions
147. 147Which author wrote the following quote: "Some three billion people who were out of the game walked, and often ran, onto the playing field. I am talking about the people of China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Central Asia. Their economies and political systems all opened up during the course of the 1990's so that their people were increasingly free to join the free market..."?

     1. AAdam Smith
     2. BJohn Locke
     3. CCK Prahalad
     4. DThomas Friedman
     5. EDavid Ricardo
148. 148Which of the following response (or responses) to the 2008 financial crisis would be considered a "command" response?

     1. AAllowing investment banks with insufficient liquidity to fail
     2. BIncreasing regulation of derivatives
     3. CAllowing foreclosures for homeowners who can't make their mortgage payments
     4. DIncreasing regulation of the mortgage industry
149. 149In Carroll's pyramid definition of Corporate Social Responsibility, what is the order of the levels, starting with the base (most essential) and moving up to the top (most discretionary) ?

     1. A1-obey the law, 2-ethical conduct, 3-philanthropy, 4-make profits
     2. B1-philanthropy, 2-obey the law,3-make profits, 4-ethical conduct
     3. C1-make profits, 2-ethical conduct, 3-obey the law, 4-philanthropy
     4. D1-ethical conduct, 2-philanthropy, 3-obey the law, 4-make profits
     5. E1-make profits, 2-obey the law, 3-ethical conduct, 4-philanthropy
     6. F1-philanthropy, 2- ethical conduct, 3-obey the law, 4-make profits
150. 150Modern economic systems contain elements of three economic systems - traditions, commands, and markets. In which economic system are decisions about derivative transactions considered private agreements between professionals?

     1. ATradition-based
     2. BCommand-based
     3. CMarket-based
151. 151Porter and Kramer wrote: "Creating shared value represents a broader conception of ( )." What phrase fits in the blank in this sentence?

     1. A"Milton Friedman's shareholder rights approach"
     2. B"CK Prahalad's bottom of the pyramid"
     3. C"Adam Smfth's invisible hand"
     4. D"David Ricardo's comparative advantage"
     5. E"Carol Gilligan's ethic of care"
     6. F"Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative"
     7. G"Donald Trump's luxurious comb-over"
152. 152Which of the following elements is not considered to be part of "Corporate Social Responsibility"?

     1. ADiscretionary or in response to external pressure
     2. BCitizenship, philanthropy, sustainability
     3. CRealigns the entire company budget
     4. DImpact limited by corporate footprint and CSR budget
153. 153Based upon the information contained in the Exhibits in the Enron case, which of the following statement (s) are correct?

     1. AEnron's Code of Ethics had a conflict of interest policy with a general rule against full-time officers and employees owning an interest in another entity that does business with or is a competitor of Enron.
     2. BEnron's revenues from Domestic Pipelines from 1999 to 2000 were significantly higher than the revenues from Domestic Trading and International operations.
     3. CRebecca Mark, in her letter to Ken Lay, said that she was "incredibly nervous that we will implode in a wave of accounting scandals."
154. 154Which of the following is not part of Porter & Kramer's CSV approach?

     1. ARedefining productivity in the value chain, saving money and also the environment
     2. BCreating value and economic growth for both the corporation and for key stakeholders
     3. CEnabling local cluster development to foster more transparent local markets
     4. DGiving back out of a sense of duty and fairness to the community
155. 155Which author(s) wrote the following quote: "Of course, in practice the doctrine of social responsibility is frequently cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds rather than a reason for those actions..."

     1. AMilton Friedman
     2. BArchie Carroll
     3. CPorter & Kramer
     4. DFinancial Crisis Inquiry Commission
     5. ESims & Brinkmann (Schein)
     6. FMcKinsey & Company
156. 156In Sims & Brinkmann (Schein) article we read about Enron, which one of the following is not one of Schein's "five mechanisms" a leader uses to influence corporate culture?

     1. ARole modeling
     2. BCriteria for selection and dismissal
     3. CAllocation of rewards
     4. DInspiring others Reaction to crises
157. 157Which of the following statement(s) about the garment industry in Bangladesh are CORRECT according to the information supplied by the case we read on the topic?

     1. AWalmart was aware that fire safety was an industry-wide challenge in Bangladesh
     2. B80% of the garment workers in Bangladesh are unskilled women, and most of are not members of local trade unions
     3. CBangladesh vigorously enforced its own fire safety laws to protect factory workers
     4. DMany of the competitive pressures in Bangladesh are encouraged by Western consumers' desires for cheap clothing
158. 158in White's article about Gilligan's ethic of care, the separated self is contrasted with the connected self. Which of the following examples from our course readings and discussions are representative of the "connected self'?

     1. AMortgage lenders offering "predatory'' sub-prime loans to borrowers
     2. BManagers monitoring individual performance during the 2008 financial crisis
     3. CCompanies developing new products in the "innovation sandbox"
     4. DRegulators failing to use their power to protect consumers from predatory loans
159. 159In the Adam Smith excerpt that we read from "Wealth of Nations," what concept does he describe that promotes public economic interests indirectly by focusing on rational self-interest of individuals?

     1. AThe division of labor and specialization
     2. BThe elements of perfectly free competition
     3. CThe veil of ignorance
     4. DThe "invisible hand" of the marketplace
     5. ELabor gives a right to private property
160. 160Which standard of determining the appropriate wage and safety conditions in developing countries is based upon the wage and safety standards in developed countries?

     1. AThe classical liberal standard
     2. BThe home country standard
     3. CThe living wage standard
161. 161Which area of leadership focus during the 2008 financial crisis did the McKinsey Global Survey find to be both unhelpful and used more frequently by managers during the crisis?

     1. AInspiring others
     2. BRole modeling
     3. CMonitoring individual performance
     4. DDefining expectations and rewards
162. 162Which author wrote the following quote: "And thus came in the use of money, some lasting thing that men might keep without spoiling, and that by mutual consent men would take in exchange for the truly useful,but perishable supports of life...."?

     1. AAdam Smith
     2. BThomas Friedman
     3. CCK Prahalad
     4. DDavid Ricardo
     5. EJohn Locke
163. 163Modern economic systems contain elements of three economic systems - traditions, commands, and markets. In which economic system are decisions about which charities to support freely made by individual shareholders?

     1. ATradition-based
     2. BCommand-based
     3. CMarket-based
164. 164Which dominant ethical approach do Porter and Kramer use to analyze and justify their theory of "creating shared value"?

     1. AUtility
     2. BRights
     3. CJustice
     4. DCare
165. 165If a company seeks to assist society by focusing only on profits and returns to shareholders, in which approach to social responsibility is it engaged?

     1. APorter & Kramer's Creating Shared Value approach
     2. BMilton Friedman's Shareholder Rights approach
     3. CArchie Carroll's Corporate Social Responsibility approach
166. 166Which author(s) wrote the following quote: "Decisions by immoral managers are discordant with accepted ethical principles and, indeed, imply an active negation of what is moral..."

     1. AMilton Friedman
     2. BArchie Carroll
     3. CPorter & Kramer
     4. DFinancial Crisis Inquiry Commission
     5. ESims & Brinkmann (Schein)
     6. FMcKinsey & Company
167. 167Which of the following stakeholders was accused of unethical behavior by offering risky loans that they knew would not be able to be paid back in the "securitization food chain"?

     1. AHomeowners, by purchasing homes with subprime mortgages
     2. BInvestors, by buying shares of CDO's with investment-grade ratings
     3. CInvestment bankers, by pooling mortgage payments into CDO's
     4. DBankers, by offering subprime mortgages to borrowers
168. 168If a company seeks to assist society by integrating social value strategies into its focus on profits, and then measuring the success of profitable outcomes for stakeholders, in which approach to social responsibility is it engaged?

     1. APorter & Kramer's Creating Shared Value approach
     2. BMilton Friedman's Shareholder Rights approach
     3. CArchie Carroll's Corporate Social Responsibility approach
169. 169At the end of the Sims & Brinkmann article, four typologies of "moral culture types" were described in relation to the culture of Enron. Which "moral culture types" did Sims & Brinkmann conclude that Enron demonstrated?

     1. AMoral Pre-conventionalism
     2. BWindow-Dressing Ethics
     3. CCollective Moral Conscience
     4. DMoral Role-Modeling
170. 170In which way are the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Dodd Frank Act similar?

     1. ABoth were examples of "de-regulation," allowing greater market freedom for public companies and investment banks
     2. BBoth addressed the risks associated with over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives
     3. CBoth focused specifically on accounting firms and their relationships with public company executives and management
     4. DBoth were examples of "command" responses to perceived "market" failures that resulted in financial crises.
171. 171Modern economic systems contain elements of three economic systems - traditions, command, and markets. Which economic system was the Graham-Leach-Bliley Act supporting when it repealed the banking regulations in the Glass-Steagall Act?

     1. ATradition-based
     2. BCommand-based
     3. CMarket-based
172. 172 Which one or more of the following statements about the 2008 financial crash and subsequent events would be considered NOT CORRECT according to the Conclusions of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC)? .

     1. AThe FCIC concluded that the government was well- repared for the crisis and that its consistent response gave needed certainty an calmed panic in the financial markets.
     2. BThe FCIC concluded that there was a systematic breakdown in accountability and ethics.
     3. Cthe FCIC concluded that corporate nance and risk management at many systematically important financial institutions did'n contribute in a meaningful way-to the crisis.
     4. DThe FCIC concluded that a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments and lack of transparency put the financial system on a collision course with crisis.
173. 173Which dominant ethical argument for shareholders does Milton Friedman use in his analysis of the social responsibility of business?

     1. AUtility
     2. BRights
     3. CJustice
     4. DCare
174. 174 Which one or more of the following statements about the 2008 financial crash and subsequent events would be considered CORRECT according to the Conclusions of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC)?

     1. AThe FCIC concluded that over-the-counter derivatives did non contribute significantly to the crisis.
     2. BThe FCIC concluded that mortgage lending standards and the mortgage-securitization pipeline lit and spread the contagion of fear and crisis.
     3. CThe FCIC concluded that the financial crisis was unavoidable.
     4. DThe FCIC concluded that widespread failures on financial regulation and supervision proved devastating to the stability of the nation's financial markets.
175. 175Based upon the information contained in the Enron case and the information presented in class, which individual listed below is credited with the most direct responsibility for (and personal self-enrichment from) Enron's development of complicated "special purpose entity" structures by which Enron was able to keep significant amounts of debt from being consolidated into their financial statements?

     1. ARebecca Mark
     2. BKen Lay
     3. CJeff Skilling
     4. DAndy Fastow
     5. ESherron Watkins
176. 176Which author(s) wrote the following quote: "Yet we do not accept the view that regulators lacked the power to protect the financial system. They had ample power in many arenas and they chose not to use it..."

     1. AMilton Friedman
     2. BArchie Carroll
     3. CPorter & Kramer
     4. DFinancial Crisis Inquiry Commission
     5. ESims & Brinkmann {Schein)
     6. FMcKinsey & Company
177. 177A "justice and fairness" argument in opposition to Royal Dutch Shell's oil drilling that could be made by the Ogoni people of the Niger Delta is best exemplified by which argument below?

     1. ARoyal Dutch Shell is polluting the resources needed by the Ogoni to pursue their chosen way of life, taking away their dignity and ability to choose how to provide for their children, and forcing them to move.
     2. BRoyal Dutch Shell is polluting the resources needed by the Ogoni to pursue their chosen way of life, and this burden is being borne by the Ogoni without compensation from Shell, which has greatly benefitted.
     3. CRoyal Dutch Shell is polluting the resources needed by the Ogoni to pursue their chosen way of life, and this has resulted in terrible consequences that have impacted farming and fishing and reduced overall societal good.
178. 178In the Adam Smith excerpt that we read from Wealth of Nations, what concept does he describe that allows individual workers to be more productive, and to benefit from this excess production in the marketplace?

     1. AThe division of labor and specialization
     2. BThe veil of ignorance
     3. CThe "invisible hand" of the marketplace
     4. DThe equilibrium of the free mc1rket
179. 179Which one or more of the following examples from the events leading up to the 2008 crisis was/were a violation of perfectly competitive free market?

     1. AGreater availability of mortgages increased the number of customers in the housing market
     2. BMortgage lenders encouraged customers to take on mortgages under risky terms and conditions about which the many customers were unaware.
     3. CRating agencies gave "AAA" ratings to CDO's that had signific:ant subprime mortgage risks that were not disclosed.
     4. DInvestments banks created CDO's in which multiple mortgage payment streams were combined to create several new products that increased the investment choices and income for its institutional investors
180. 180In the Sims & Brinkmann article about Enron, they discuss (and we discussed in class) "Project Braveheart." Which description below is the most accurate?

     1. AIt was one of Andy Fastow's "special purpose entities"
     2. BIt was an example of the abuse of "mark to market" accounting
     3. CIt was part of Rebecca Mark's "asset heavy" international division
     4. DIt was the code name for Arthur Anderson's paper-shredding
181. 181Which one of the following statements is CORRECT according to the US Supreme Court majority opinion in the Betty Dukes v. Wal-Mart case?

     1. AThe Supreme Court ruled that the female plaintiffs were entitled to injunctive relief, back pay and damages because they suffered from gender discrimination due to the “disparate impact” of Wal-Mart’s policy of local decision-making by mostly male management.
     2. BThe Supreme Court ruled that the female plaintiffs demonstrated sufficient “commonality” in their claims of gender discrimination to have their class certified so that their lawsuit could proceed to trial.
     3. CThe Supreme Court ruled that the female plaintiffs were not entitled to injunctive relief, back pay and damages because they failed to prove gender discrimination due to the “disparate impact” of Wal-Mart’s policy of local decision-making by mostly male management.
     4. DThe Supreme Court ruled that Wal-Mart’s policy of local decision-making by mostly male management was unlawful under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by the Court because of its disparate impact on female employees.
     5. EThe Supreme Court ruled that the female plaintiffs did not demonstrate sufficient “commonality” in their claims of gender discrimination to have their class certified and their lawsuit could not proceed to trial.
182. 182Which author(s) did Garrett Hardin reference specifically in his article about the Tragedy of the Commons? Potentially multiple answers
     

     1. ABentham
     2. BMill
     3. CKant
     4. DRawls
     5. EGilligan
     6. FSmith
     7. GLocke
     8. HRicardo
183. 183Which of the following statements about the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are correct based upon our readings and class discussions?

     1. ASarbanes-Oxley significantly increased regulation of accountants who advise public companies
     2. BSarbanes-Oxley significantly increased regulation of disclosures of conflict minerals for public companies
     3. CSarbanes-Oxley significantly increased regulation of officers and directors of public companies
     4. DSarbanes-Oxley significantly increased regulation of the mortgage industry and derivatives transactions by public companies
     5. ESarbanes-Oxley significantly increased regulation of audit committees of public companies
184. 184Which author(s) did Roger Crisp reference specifically in his article about persuasive advertising?

     1. ABentham
     2. BMill
     3. CKant
     4. DRawls
     5. EGilligan
     6. FSmith
     7. GLocke
     8. HRicardo
185. 185Which mineral(s) are generally considered among the “conflict minerals” for securities reporting purposes?

     1. ATitanium
     2. BTin
     3. CSilver
     4. DGold
     5. ETungsten
     6. FTantalum
     7. GIron
     8. HDiamonds
186. 186Which ONE of the following explanations of the “Tragedy of the Commons” (TOC) is most accurate according to our reading and video?

     1. AThe TOC occurs when market participants act competitively, via rational self-interest, and fail to maximize overall utility when resources are unlimited.
     2. BThe TOC occurs when market participants act cooperatively, intending to maximize overall utility, and some succeed and some fail when resources are finite.
     3. CThe TOC occurs when market participants act competitively, via rational self-interest, and fail to maximize overall utility when resources are finite.
     4. DThe TOC occurs when market participants act cooperatively intending to maximize overall utility, and fail to maximize overall utility when resources are unlimited.
     5. EThe TOC occurs when market participants act competitively, via rational self-interest, and some succeed and some fail when resources are finite.
     6. FThe TOC occurs when market participants act cooperatively, intending to maximize overall utility, and some succeed and some fail when resources are unlimited.
187. 187Which of the following statements about the “Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative” (used by General Mills as a guide to advertising its products to children under 12) are correct based upon our readings and class discussions?

     1. AIs an example of a “command” response to an ethical issue through legislation and enforcement like Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act.
     2. BIs an example of a voluntary “cooperative” response to an ethical issue like the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety
     3. CIs an example of a “shared value” response to an ethical issue like the efforts of Mosaic to increase the capacity and production of farmers in developing countries
     4. DIs an example of a “competitive” response to an ethical issue, like Axel Springer promoting its tracing of the paper supply chain as a way to generate more advertising dollars from socially- conscious advertisers, and to take those dollars away from other media companies.
     5. EIs an example of a “corporate social responsibility” response to an ethical issues like the efforts of Merck to cure river blindness by donating needed medicine to communities.
        f
     6. FIs an example of a “market” response to an ethical issue because it is freely chosen and any revenues lost by following the guidelines are still smaller than the much greater expenses that might be associated should the government choose a “command” approach by banning all advertising to children.
188. 188Which of the following are considered among the 4 “Ps” of marketing developed at the Carlson School in the late 1950’s?

     1. APlanning
     2. BProduct
     3. CPromotion
     4. DPiracy
     5. EPersuasion
     6. FPrice
     7. GParity
     8. HPolitics
189. 189Which of the following statements about Florian Nehm’s decision about digital devices and conflict minerals are NOT CORRECT based upon the Axel Springer case and our class discussion?
     Potentially multiple answers

     1. AChoosing to do nothing would be a prudent course of action because Axel Springer was not a direct purchaser of conflict minerals and no additional action beyond maximizing shareholder return would be expected by investors or the general public.
     2. BEscalating the topic to the CEO would not be a prudent course of action because CEO Mathias Döpfner did not like to take a strong public position on matters beyond the scope of the business.
     3. CTaking a strong public stance on the issue of conflict minerals in the supply chain for digital devices would be expected of a company that had taken a similar public stance on the issue of the paper supply chain years earlier.
     4. DA coordinated effort on the part of Axel Springer SE to publicize the issue of conflict minerals might have some impact in Germany due to its market-leadership in German-language publications, but not on the rest of the world where most of the smelters of conflict minerals were located.
     5. EAxel Springer would be legally required to take action on conflict minerals in the supply chain for digital devices because of Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank act, which requires disclosure of sourcing of conflict minerals in securities filings.
     6. FBecause the extraction of conflict minerals was primarily an environmental problem, Axel Springer could easily leverage its industry-leading approach to supply chain integration for paper to this new supply chain for raw materials like tantalum, gold and other minerals.
     7. GEven though Axel Springer was not a direct purchaser of conflict minerals, it still had significant leverage on other stakeholders, including Apple, to take the matter seriously if it were to choose to take a strong public stance and to utilize its journalistic resources and reputation for integrity to call for greater transparency about the human cost of conflict minerals and the need for a “clean” supply chain.
190. 190Which of the following statements about the NE Minnesota copper-nickel (sulfide) mining case are correct based upon our readings and videos?

     1. ASulfide mining in NE Minnesota has the potential to create a “tragedy of the commons” in relation to water because competitive rational self-interest is predicted to result in the depletion of this finite resource as a result of mining activity, as we saw in the White Bear Lake controversy.
     2. BSulfide mining in NE Minnesota has the potential to reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions because many of the minerals that are planned to be mined are used in “green technology” like wind-generators for electricity.
     3. CSulfide mining in NE Minnesota has the potential to violate Rawls’ “just savings principal” – an obligation to future generations – by creating the risk of sulfuric acid pollution that could take 500 years to clean up.
     4. DSulfide mining in NE Minnesota has the potential to create positive economic outcomes for mining companies, for electronics manufacturers, for residents and workers in the region, and for the overall state and national economy.
     5. ESulfide mining in NE Minnesota is supported by state and local officials in Minnesota, and by the Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness, because of the anticipated boost to the local tourist economy as a result of mining activities.
191. 191Betty Dukes v. Wal-Mart was the first federal class action lawsuit in US history for intentional sexual harassment.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
192. 192 A deontological rationale for potentially regulating the marketing of products to young consumers is that firms are treating children as a means to an end, generating profits for the company with intentional disregard to the health consequences to children who consume their products.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
193. 193Kant, Bentham and Mill would agree that ethical analysis of the environmental impact of business operations should include animals, plants and ecosystems as stakeholders with rights.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
194. 194According to Crisp, persuasive advertising is immoral when it is directed toward those who are more vulnerable because of age or addiction, but moral when the target market is a more wealthy, sophisticated consumer.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
195. 195The doctrine of “employment at will,” based upon the law of agency, holds that an agent has a duty to act solely for the benefit of the principal in all matters connected with his agency. The Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002, by enacting certain protections for employees of public companies, eliminated the doctrine of “employment at will” and now requires a showing of “just cause” for all employees before they can be terminated.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
196. 196Fingerhut’s business model employed innovative approaches, like direct marketing to customers with little income and/or bad credit by offering them brand name products at affordable monthly payments.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
197. 197Every two years, Axel Springer was required by the Dodd Frank act to publish an extensive “Sustainability Report” audited by professional audit firms like Ernst & Young and PwC that fulfilled more than 120 economic, social and ecological performance criteria.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
198. 198The law of agency holds that an employee (agent) has a duty of loyalty to the employer (principal) not to waste resources, to steal time or money, or to assist a competitor, but no corresponding duties are owed to the agent by the principal.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
199. 199In the dissenting opinion in Betty Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Justice Ginsberg noted that the “nearly all male managerial workforce” used “arbitrary and subjective criteria” when making pay and promotion decisions for female employees.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch
200. 200The use of e-cigarettes as noted in our class discussion and our slides is strictly limited to adults age 18 and over, and so poses no risks to adolescents or children.

     1. ARichtig
     2. BFalsch

Beschreibung

management Quiz am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Xueqi Ji am 30/11/2018.

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Xueqi Ji

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English

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7

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management

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