Karteikarten
crime and deviance
Karten in diesem Stapel (31)
- 1CrimeCrime: Refers to behaviour that breaches the formal, written laws of a society
- Criminal behaviour is therefore subject to formal punishments (sanctions).
- Formal sanctions:
- Prison
- Fines
- Community service - 2DevianceDeviance: refers to behaviours that break, or strays from, social norms/standards
- While some deviant acts break the law and therefore be subject to formal sanctions, most deviant behaviour is not controlled legally and therefore is subject only to informal sanctions
Informal sanctions:
- Verbal abuse (discrimination)
- Shunning
- Physical abuse - 3How is Crime and Deviance socially constructed- The status of any act cannot be characterised simply criminal or deviant as they are not fixed so therefore is socially constructed
- Crime and deviance are Relative as they depend on where the act happens and who commits it
- They are also subjective and depends on interpretation - 4what is crime and deviance depends on: TIME- In the Past Divorce has been seen as deviant however, in modern society it has become more normal 2/3 marriages ending in divorce.
- In the past people sexuality has been an issue surrounding many topic however in a diverse society these issues are becoming increasingly normal and not deviant
- Mental illness used to be believed as deviant and people were labelled insane however, now we know more they are treated as patients rather than crazy individuals - 5what is crime and deviance depends on: PLACE- Euthanasia is seen by many countries as unethical however, in others it is legal and seen as a mercy to those who are in desperate situations
- Prostitution is not acceptable in most places however in places such as Amsterdam and outside las Vegas it is legal and are part of the tourism industry
- Divorce - 6what is crime and deviance depends on: POWER- tax evasion is only possible by those with the means to do so and therefore is more common in the upper classes and seen as the norm where the rest of society see it as deviant
- Fines with people in power can sometimes - 7what is crime and deviance depends on: WHO- Hoodies
- Killing in war
- Alcohol - 8what is crime and deviance depends on: TRADITIONS- Bigamy
- 9what is crime and deviance depends on: CULTURE- Bigamy
- Drinking alcohol
- Divorce now acceptable but not in other cultures - 10Internationalist perspective- No behaviour is inherently deviant
- Society creates rules, and deviant behaviour is behaviour that is seen to break those rules
- Also, the same behaviour may be deviant in some contexts and not in others (culture, person)
- Some groups are more likely to be labelled as deviant than others, not just because of their behaviour, but because they fit the perception of a ‘typical criminal’ (young white male strong build tattoos) - 11Interactionalist (Becker)no behaviour is deviant. Society creates rules and anything that does not comply to these are deviant. Some groups are more likely to be labelled as deviant and therefore can be given a deviant master label. This master label starts to rule the specific group as they see themselves as the label and create a self-fulfilling prophesy.
- 12Effects of labelling- The individual is publicly labelled
- This label encourages further deviance
- Official treatments/punishments may also lead to further deviant behaviour
- A deviant career is developed when individuals join an organised deviant group
- Within the group a deviant subculture develops - 13Support Becker: Jack Young- Labelling and Marijuana Userspolice sees hippies as deviant due to their characteristics who in response made the deviance as defence a main focus making them even more deviant (Deviance Amplification)
- 14Support Becker: MunciePortrayed black people as troublesome and criminals in the media so are discriminated against for this labelling. As a result of thus discrimination they conform to society’s stereotypes behaving as such creating a self-fulfilling prophesy
- 15Support Becker: Lemert• Makes a distinction between primary and secondary deviance
Primary deviance- deviant act which have not been publicly labelled
- Impulsive behaviour
- Everybody does deviant things from time to time
- Only a few are caught
- Those not caught go on to conventional lifestyles
Secondary deviance- Deviant acts that have been publicly labelled and further deviance that is generated by this labelling
- The response of the individual to the reaction of society
- Becomes a permanent feature of life
- Involves only a small number of people
- Labelling turns primary deviance in to secondary data - 16Criticism of Becker: Bullingdon Clubwealthy individuals getting away with deviant behaviour due to their status and wealth being able to escape the consequences
- 17Moral panicsAn instance of public anxiety or alarm in response to a problem regarded as threatening the moral standards of society
- 18Moral Panic Structure1. Media presents a distorted view of the level of crime
2. Distorted view creates Folk Devils which fuel public concern
3. Related pieces of crime and deviance are over reported and given more prominence than it would have
4. Keeps the issue high on the public agenda
5. The police want something done about the problem
6. The police are more aware or sensitive to the problem so discover more crime
7. Police records reinforce the idea there is more crime and deviance - 19Connections with Young and Moral panics• The idea of a moral panic overlaps and compliments the idea of deviancy amplification as discussed by young
• However whereas young studied the way the action of police amplified deviance, moral panics look at the way the media does this - 20Cohen: Moral Panic of Mods and Rockers1. Clacton- small holiday resort on east coast of England. Easter Sunday 1964
2. Few groups of bored young people started throwing stones at each other
3. Mods & rockers started separating out
4. Windows were broken, some beach hurts wrecked- 2 unpleasant days
5. Next day- sensationalist headlines in newspapers
6. Media distorted what was going on – encouraged other young people to behave in the same way
7. Further disturbances public outcry- further arrests - 21Evaluation of Moral Panics- Moral panics do not explain the initial act of deviance
- The idea of a moral panic is deterministic
- Moral panics are outdated. The media today does not just show one account
- There is no explanation of how or why moral panics end - 22Evaluation of Becker- Taylor, Walton and Young- most deviance is defined in terms of the actions of the individual, not the reactions of society
- Ackers-The theory is too deterministic. It assumes that once a person is labelled then their deviance will inevitably become worse. The labelled individuals have no option but to become more deviant - 23Evaluation of Lemert- Is it unlikely that deviance which has not been discovered has no effect on how people view themselves
- 24Evaluation of both Becker and Lemert- The theory fails to account for the origins of deviance. Why do some people commit particular deviant acts in the first place
- Marxist would agree that some groups are more likely to be labelled than others, but would argue that interactionism fails to explain why this is - 25Crime Statistics Information- Produced annually by home office
- They are records of criminal activity and police effectiveness
- They provide information on crimes Known to the police
- They give information on the social characteristics of those who have been convicted for criminal behaviour - 26What are Crime Statistics used for- To compare crime rates with the previous years
- To reveal police efficiency
- To help the police to concentrate their resources to provide the public with information about criminal activity - 27Why Crime statistics are treated with caution- They reveal more about the process of reporting (by the public) and the collecting (by police)
- They are socially constructed
- Positivists see them as valuable source of quantitative data. They provide measures of behaviour that can be used to investigate possible cause and effect relationships
Small proportion of crime is reported to the police and recorded by them The official statistics
Most crime is not reported or recorded dark figure of crime - 28Why do Victims not report crimes- Scared
- Associated with the crime
- Some people are unaware that they are victims such as Fraud
- See it as too petty
- Only report if it is beneficial
- Distrust police
- Private matter
- Victim not want to harm offender
- Embarrassment
- Victim unable to report - 29Why don't police record the crimes(Simmons and Dodd found 30% of crime reported to the police were not recorded)
- Police response many crimes defined as petty by police. Take into account the social background of those reporting
- Categorisation of Crime police ‘filter’ crimes
- Dispersal of resources Targeted resources.
- Media Deviance amplification and sensationalising (moral panics- Cohen)
- Different enforcement regional priorities
- Police discretion selective policing (gender, ethnicity, class, age, area)
- Police culture attitude to arrests/levels etc - 30Moore, Aiken and Chapmansee the police as filters, only recording some of crimes reporting to them. Seriousness of the offence may be regarded as too trivial. Social status of the victim upper class able to get away with more (Bullingdon club). Classifying the crime as minor or aggravated assault receive different responses
- 31—
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- A level Sociology Karteikarten am crime and deviance, erstellt von Luke Whelan am 17/10/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Luke Whelan
- Aufrufe
- 5
- Bewertung
Mehr zu Defining crime and deviance