Karteikarten
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Karten in diesem Stapel (188)
- 1Space between abdominal layers, contains small amount of serous fluidPeritoneal Cavity
- 2Two fused layers of serous membramePeritoneal folds
- 3Where do the peritoneal folds extend to and from?From - Posterior Abdominal Wall
To - Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Transverse colon - 4What supports organ nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels?Peritoneal Folds
- 5Apron like foldGreater Omentum
- 6Supports StomachLesser Omentum
- 7Supports Small IntestinesMesentery
- 8Supports Large IntestinesMesocolon
- 9Another word for digestive tract, the path from oral to anal openingsAlimentary Canal
- 10All other components of the digestive systemAccessory Organs
- 11What organs make up the Alimentary Canal?Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Large Intestines
Small Intestines - 12What are the digestive accessory organs?Teeth
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder - 13What forms the mouth?Cheeks
Hard + Soft Palate
Tongue - 14What muscle is located in the cheeks?Buccinator Muscle
- 15What muscle is located in the lips?Orbicularis Oris
- 16What type of cell lines the mouth?Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- 17The mucous membrane is made up of what type of cell?Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- 18The line under your tongueLingual Frenulum
- 19The line behind your lipLabial Frenulum
- 20Opening to pharynxFauces
- 21Which salivary gland is inferior, anterior to ear, between masseter muscle and the skin?Parotid Salivary Gland
- 22Which salivary gland is beneath the base of the tongue?Submandibular
- 23Which salivary gland is superior to submandibular gland?Sublingual Gland
- 24Where is saliva secreted from?From many small glands in oral mucosa
- 25Saliva is SLIGHTLY acidic, what's its pH?pH 6.35 - 6.85
- 26How much saliva is secreted in a day?1000-1500 mL
- 27What is the composition of saliva?99.5% Water
0.5% Solutes - 28Name the solutes that are in salivaIons
Dissolved Gases
Wastes
Mucus
Urea / Uric Acid
Antibodies
Enzymes - 29What solute in saliva dissolves food, facilitates taste and digestion?Water
- 30What solute in saliva lubricates food?Mucus
- 31What solute in saliva is metabolic waste?Urea / Uric Acid
- 32What solute in saliva inhibits bacterial growth?Antibodies
- 33What solute in saliva kills bacteria?Lysozymes
- 34What solute in saliva acts on starch? Hint: Eating a crackerSalivary Amylase
- 35What solute in saliva acts on triglycerides?Lingual Lipase
- 36What is a mechanical stimulation of oral mucosa?Salivation
- 37What inhibits salivation?Sympathetic Nervous System
(Fear, Acute Stress, Anxiety) - 38Skeletal muscle covered with mucous membraneTongue
- 39What has taste buds and papillae on its surface?Tongue
- 40Extrinsic Tongue Muscles attach the tongue to what bones?Hyoid
Mandible
Hard Palate
Styloid Process - 41How do the extrinsic tongue muscles move the tongue?In + Out
Side to Side - 42Where does the intrinsic tongue muscles originate and insert to?Intrinsic tongue muscles originate and insert to:
CT within the tongue - 43How does the intrinsic tongue muscles change the tongue?Change shape and size of tongue for
Speech + Swallowing - 44What are other words for mechanical digestion?Mastication or Chewing
- 45What is made through mechanical digestion when chewed food is mixed with saliva?Bolus
- 46What are the three phases of deglutition?Voluntary
Pharyngeal (Involuntary)
Esophageal - 47In the pharyngeal phase what blocks the nasopharynx?Soft Palate
Uvula - 48In deglutition which phase does the tongue push the food to the back of the oral cavity?1. Voluntary
- 49In the pharyngeal phase, the bolus stimulates receptors in what region?Oropharynx
- 50In the pharyngeal phase impulses are sent to what area in the brainstem?Deglutition Center
- 51In the pharyngeal phase what closes, and what blocks the glottis?Vocal Cords close
Epiglottis blocks the glottis - 52In the esophageal phase, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, and the food enters the ________Esophagus
- 53In the esophageal phase the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes as food approaches, food then enters the _______Stomach
- 54How does the esophagus move ingested substances?Paristalsis
- 55The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at what structure?Esophageal Hiatus
- 56What are the layers of the esophagus?Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia - 57What makes up the muscularis?Superior 1/3 Skeletal Muscle
Middle 1/3 Mixed
Inferior 1/3 Smooth Muscle
Sphincter at upper and lower end - 58What quadrant is the stomach in?Left Upper Quadrant
of Abdominal Cavity - 59What are the gastric secretions?Mucus
Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric Acid
Intrinsic Factor - 60In the gastric secretions, MUCUS does what?Protects underlying tissue
- 61In the gastric secretions, what is pepsinogen?Inactive protease
- 62In gastric secretion, what does hydrochloric acid do?Activates pepsinogen (converts it to PEPSIN)
- 63In gastric secretion, what does Intrinsic Factor do?It is needed for Vitamin B12 absorption
- 64What are the 3 layers of muscle on the stomach?Outer Longitudinal
Middle Circular
Inner Oblique - 65When food enters the stomach, how often does the gentle mixing waves occur?Every 15-25 seconds
- 66Food and gastric juice, forms a watery acidic product calledChyme
- 67In mechanical digestion, how do the mixing waves occur in the regions of the stomach? Hint: Body, Pylorus, FundusBegins at BODY
Intensifies at PYLORUS
Few waves at FUNDUS - 68What type of enzyme is pepsin?Proteolytic enzyme
- 69What proteolytic enzyme, breaks peptide bonds between certain amino acid?Pepsin
- 70In chemical digestion, what lipase splits triglycerides in milk fat for fat digestion?Gastric Lipase
- 71What are the three phases of gastric stimulation?1. Cephalic Phase
2. Gastric Phase
3. Intestinal Phase - 72Which phase occurs before the food reaches the stomach?Cephalic Phase
- 73To increase gastric motility, and secretion where does the STOMACH and VAGUS NERVE, get there impulses from?Olfactory and Taste Centers
- 74To increase gastric motility and secretion, where does the OLFACTORY and TASTE CENTRES send there impulses?Stomach
Vagus Nerve - 75In the cephalic phase, what does the stomach wall secrete into the blood?Gastrin
- 76Gastrin stimulates the secretion of __________ to the __________ of stomachGastrin stimulates the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE to the LUMEN of stomach
- 77What phase is activated by the food in the stomach?Gastric Phase
- 78Distension and food chemistry stimulate what receptors?Stretch receptors
Chemoreceptors - 79How much chyme is squirted in the duodenum with each stomach contraction?1-2 mL of chyme
- 80What secrets gastrin?Enteroendocrine G Cells
(Mucosa of Pylorus) - 81What phase begins when chyme enters the duodenum?Intestinal Phase
- 82What do the stretch receptors in the duodenum activate? Hint: NerveSympathetic Nerve
(Slows down metabolism) - 83The activation of the sympathetic nerve by stretch receptors, in the duodenum, results inDecreased stomach activity
- 84Fatty Acids and sugars in chyme stimulate the release of? Hint: 2 secretionsSecretin
CCK
(Goes to the Blood) - 85The release of secretin and CCK to the blood will result in?Less secretions and motility
- 86What are two mechanisms of gastric emptying?Neural: Enterogastric Reflex
Hormonal: Enterogastrones - 873 ways the enterogastric reflex is initiated Hint: Duodenum- Distension of duodenum
-Partially digested food in duodenum
- Low pH of duodenum - 882 effects of the enterogastric reflex- Inhibits gastric motility
- Constricts pyloric sphincter
(inhibits movement of gastric contents into duodenum) - 89Group of hormones secreted from the wall of the duodenumEnterogastrones
- 90What stimulates the secretion of gastrin?Distension of Stomach
Digested protein or caffiene - 91What are the effects of gastrin?Stimulates
-Gastric Juice Secretion
-Gastric Churning
-Relaxation of pyloric sphincter - 92What stimulates the secretion of SECRETIN?Acidic Chyme
(Entering small intestines) - 93What secrets secretin?Enteroendocrine S Cells
(Mucosa of duodenum) - 94What does secretin stimulate? Hint: BufferingSecretion of pancreatic juice and bile that are rich in HCO-3
Inhibits secretion of gastric juice - 95What secrets Cholecystokinin?Enteroendocrine CCK Cells
(mucosa of small intestine + brain) - 96How is the secretion of CCK stimulated?Amino Acids
Triglycerides
Fatty Acids
As they enter the small intestine - 97What are the effects of CCK?- Secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
-Ejection of bile from the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (Oddi)
-Induces Satiety (feeling of full) - 98SatietyFull to Satisfied Feeling
- 99The absorption in the stomach is limited to, 4 things?Water
Electrolytes
Some Drugs
Alcohol - 100What is a soft, pinkish-grey gland that is 12 - 15 cm long?Pancreas
- 101What is posterior to Stomach, its head lies in the curve of the Duodenum and its tail reaches the Spleen.Pancreas
- 102The pancreatic islets make up what percentage of the pancreatic gland?1%
- 103What is the Pancreatic Islets' function?Secrete hormones to blood
- 104What regulates entry to the duodenum from the pancreas? Hint: SphincterHepatopancreatic Sphincter
- 105What does the hepatopancreatic ampulla attach to?Attaches to duodenum 10 cm distal to pyloric sphincter
- 106How many lobes does the liver have?Four
- 107How much does the liver weigh?1.4 kg
- 108What regions hold the liver?Hypochondriac and Epigastric regions
- 109How much pancreatic juice is produced in a day?1200-1500 mL
- 1103 solutes found in alkaline solution of the pancreatic juiceWater
Digestive Enzymes
Bicarbonate - 111In alkaline solution, what 3 digestive enzymes are found?Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreatic Proteases
Pancreatic Amylase - 112What makes up 99% of the pancreatic gland?Acini
- 113What does the pancreatic acini secrete?Pancreatic Juice
(To the duodenum via pancreatic duct) - 114What is arranged between layers of hepatocytes?Sinusoids
- 115What does the stellate reticuloendothelial cells do?Phagocytize microbes and foreign matter
- 116Where are the stellate reticuloendothelial cells located?In sinusoids
- 117The process of bile from Hepatocyte to the DuodenumHepatocyte
Hepatic Capillary (Canaliculi)
Hepatic Duct
Common Hepatic Duct
Common Bile Duct
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Duodenum - 118Where is extra bile diverted to when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed?Gall Bladder
- 119What organ has 3 layers of smooth muscle covered with serosa?Gall Bladder
- 120What type of tissue lines the gall bladder?Simple Columnar Epithelium
- 121What regulates the secretion of bile?Vagus Nerve
Local Hormones
(Secretin + CCK) - 122What is bile made up of? (4)Water
Cholesterol
Bile Salts
Bile Pigments - 123What is in bile that is a cholesterol derivative and emulsifies fats?Bile Salts
- 124What component in bile are break down products of Hb, that give colour to bile and feces?Bile Pigments
- 125What nutrients are metabolized in the liver? (3)Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins - 126What 3 things does the liver detoxify from your blood? (Removes or alters)Drugs
Alcohol
Hormones - 127What kind of vitamins and minerals are stored in the liver?Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Iron
Copper - 1284 functions of the LiverNutrient Metabolism
Detoxify Blood
Nutrient Storage
Phagocytosis - 129How long are the small in testines?3 meters
- 130What is the diameter of the small intestines2.5 cm
- 131How long are the small intestines in a cadaver?6.5 meters
- 1323 parts of the small intestine, AND their lengths.Duodenum = 25 cm
Jejunum = 1 m
Ileum = 2 m - 133Which part of the small intestine do you find circular folds?Duodenum
Jejunum - 134How tall are the mucosal circular folds?10 mm (1 cm)
- 135What are 1 mm tall finger-like projections of mucosa, lamina propria?Villi
- 136What secrets intestinal juice?Intestinal Gland
- 137How much microvilli are there in the small intestine?200 million / mm2
- 138What are the 4 mucosal cells of the small intestine?Absorptive cell
Goblet cell
Enteroendocrine cell
Paneth cell - 139What mucosal cell in the small intestines phagocytes and secretes Lysozymes?Paneth Cell
- 140What mucosal cell of the small intestines secrets mucus?Goblet Cell
- 141What mucosal cell of the small intestine secretes hormones?Enteroendocrine Cells
- 142What is a form of weak peristalsis that migrates slowly (1.5-2 hours)?Migrating Motility Complex
- 143Where does the Migrating Motility Complex (MMC) start from and end at?Starts at the lower portion of the Stomach to the distal end of Ileum
- 144How long does the Migrating Motility Complex take to move chyme through?3-5 hours
- 1452 forms of mechanical digestion in the small intestinesMigrating Motility Complex
Segmentation - 146A localized mixing contraction of portions of lumen distended by chymeSegmentation
- 147In segmentation, how often is chyme sloshed back and forth in the small intestines?8-12 x / minute
- 148In chemical digestion, what is found in chyme entering the small intestines? (Partially digested)Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins - 149What finishes the digestion in the small intestines? (Chemical)Pancreatic Juice
Bile
Intestinal Juice - 150In the small intestines, what do the brush border of microvilli contain?Digestive Enzymes
- 151What enzyme is used in carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?Salivary Amylase
- 152In carbohydrate digestion in the duodenum, what acts on starches?Pancreatic Amylase
- 153In Carbohydrate Digestion, what are the 3 intestinal brush border enzymes found in the duodenum? What do they convert?Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Concert disaccharides to monosaccharides - 154What are the steps from the stomach to the duodenum for PROTEIN DIGESTIONSTOMACH:
-Hydrochloric Acid breaks down protein
-Pepsin turns protein into peptides
-Pancreatic Proteases turns peptides into amino acids
-Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes turn amino acids into depeptides - 155What are the two enzymes that work on LIPID DIGESTION in the mouth and stomach?Lingual Lipase (Weak)
Gastric Lipase - 156In the duodenum, during LIPID DIGESTION, what does the pancreatic lipase convert?Triglycerides to
Fatty Acids, Monoglycerides - 157Explain the process of nutrient absorption for carbohydrates?Carbohydrates enter absorptive EPITHELIAL cell through
-Facilitated Diffusion
-Active Transport
Become a MONOSACCHARIDE and leave by
-Facilitated Diffusion - 158Explain the process of nutrient absorption of amino acids and peptides?Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides enter through active transport and leave as amino acids by diffusion into the blood.
- 159Explain the process of nutrient absorption of short chain fatty acidsThey pass through the cell through diffusion
- 160Explain the process of nutrient absorption for long chain fatty acids and monoglyceridesLong chain fatty acids and monoglycerides enter by diffusion and combine with phospholids and cholesterol to become CHYLOMICORNS, which enter Lacteals
- 161How much fluid and secretions is secreted in the GI tract in a day?9 L
- 162What happens to most of the fluid that is secreted in the GI Tract?Reabsorbed by osmosis to blood capillaries within villi
- 163How much fluid is reabsorbed in the small intestine?8 L
- 164In the digestive system, where does 90% of the remaining water get reabsorbed?Large Intestine
- 165What is the length and diameter of the large intestines?1.5 m long
6.5 cm in diameter - 166Where does the large intestine extend from?Ileocecal valve to Anal opening
- 167The appendix contains large amounts of what type of tissue?Lymphatic Tissue
- 168How long is the rectum?20 cm of the GI Tract
- 169Which layers of the large intestine contain lymphatic nodulesMucosa and Submucosa
- 170What are the teniae coli?Longitudinal Muscles
- 171The outer layer of the large intestine is thickened in places (teniae coli), which help to do what?Help to gather colon into HAUSTRA
- 172Which part of the digestive tract is inactive much of the time, with contractions that are sluggish and short lived?Large Intestine
- 173What are the 3 kinds of mechanical contractions in the large intestines?Haustral Churning
Mass peristalsis
Peristalsis (3-12 contractions/min) - 174How often does mass peristalsis occur?3-4 x a day
- 175What activates mass peristalsis?Gastrocolic reflex
- 176Where does mass peristalsis begin?Middle of Transverse Colon
- 177What secretion is used in Gastroilial Reflex?Gastrin
- 178What does gastrin do in the Gastroilial Reflex?Gastrin relaxes ileocecal sphincter so the small intestine can empty
- 179What is the most abundant bacteria found in the large intestines?E. Coli
- 180What causes the odor in feces?Broke down undigested protein
- 1813 functions of bacteria in large intestines-Ferment undigested carbohydrates -> CO2, methane gas
-Break down undigested protein (odor), bilirubin (color)
-Produce Vitamins K and B12 - 182What does feces consist of?Dead Epithelial Cells
Undigested food (ie. cellulose)
Live and Dead Bacteria - 183What two components are involved in defecation?Reflex (The Defecation Reflex)
Somatic Motor Activity - 184In the defecation reflex, sensory stimulation causes the internal anal sphincters to _______ , and the walls of the sigmoid colon and rectum to _______In the defecation reflex, sensory stimulation causes the internal anal sphincters to RELAX , and the walls of the sigmoid colon and rectum to CONTRACT
- 185In the digestive reflex, feces in the anal canal causesImpulses to the brain (conscious awareness)
- 186In the sensory part of the defecation reflex, where do the impulses pass to?Impulses pass to the sacral area of the spinal cord
- 187In the somatic motor activity of defecation what occurs?Relaxation of external anal sphincter
- 188—
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- Karteikarten am DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, erstellt von Shaine Trinidad am 18/04/2018.
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