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Biology Notes for my personal use

Gabriela Vazquez Biology Englisch 66 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (66)

  1. 1What is Biology the study of?Biology is the science of life. Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms
  2. 2What are the (7) characteristics of living organisms?Nutrition, excretion, respiration, sensitivity, reproduction, growth, movement.
  3. 3What do all cells have in common? (plasma membrane, etc)All cells have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA.
  4. 4What is the structural levels in the biological organization (from atom to an organism).the molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
  5. 5What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life- an organism’s basic unit of structure and function?cells
  6. 6Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Prokaryotic cells: Single-celled or colonial organisms that DO NOT have membrane-bound nuclei or organelles.
    Eukaryotic cells: They have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.
  7. 7What is the heritable genetic material of organisms? What are Genes?The full set of hereditary material in an organism (usually the combined DNA sequences of all chromosomes) is called the genome.
    A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA.
  8. 8What are the three domains of life and their characteristics? Which consists of prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? Which domain does each of the following belong to Plants? Archaea? Animals? Bacteria, Fungi? Protists?Archaea, the Bacteria, and the Eukarya.
    Prokaryotes belong to Archaea/Bacteria.
    Eukaryotes belong to Eukarya.
    Plants, Animal, Fungi, and Protists are Eukarya.
    Archaea is Archaea.
    Bacteria can be the other two domains.
  9. 9Evolution is Biology’s core theme. What is evolution?The unity and diversity of life/how organisms become adapted to their environment through the differential reproductive success of varying individuals/why distantly related organisms sometimes resemble each other/why some organisms have traits in common.
  10. 10Who was the founder of modern Evolutionary Biology?Charles Darwin
  11. 11What type of variation is heritable?Genetic variation is heritable.
  12. 12What causes Genetic variation?Genetic variation can be caused by a mutation, random mating, or random fertilization.
  13. 13What is Natural selection?A process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.
  14. 14What are the (6) steps in the scientific method?Purpose/Question.
    Research.
    Hypothesis.
    Experiment.
    Data/Analysis.
    Conclusion.
  15. 15How is a hypothesis different from a theory?A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been completed.
    A theory is a principle set to explain phenomena already supported by data.
  16. 16What is the definition of Matter?Matter is a substance that occupies space and has mass.
  17. 17What is the definition of an Element?Unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that CAN NOT be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.
  18. 18Identify the 4 elements that makeup 96% of living matter?Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.
  19. 19What is an atom and what are the three subatomic particles?An Atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties of an element.
    Electrons, Protons, Neutrons
  20. 20Compare and contrast protons, neutrons, and electrons in terms of 1) Location, Mass, Charge, and other important information.Protons: Found in the nucleus of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of one (+1) and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit, which is about 1.67×10−27 kilograms. Together with neutrons, they make up virtually all of the mass of an atom.
    Electrons: Electrons are extremely small. 1/2000 the mass of a proton or neutron, so electrons contribute virtually nothing to the total mass of an atom. Electrons have an electric charge of −1. Electrons are found outside the nucleus. Because opposite electric charges attract each other, negative electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus.
    Neutrons:Atoms of all elements - except for most atoms of hydrogen - have neutrons in their nucleus. Neutrons have no charge - they are electrically neutral. The mass of a neutron is slightly greater than the mass of a proton, which is 1 atomic mass unit. (An atomic mass unit equals about 1.67×10−27 kilograms.) A neutron also has about the same diameter as a proton or 1.7×10−15 meters.
  21. 21Which subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions?Electrons
  22. 22Define Atomic numberThe Atomic Number of an element is equal to the number of Protons that element contains.
  23. 23Define Atomic mass.Atomic Mass/Number is the number of protons plus the number of Neutrons of that element.
  24. 24Using a periodic table, be able to determine the atomic number, atomic mass, number of protons, neutrons and electrons.The atomic number, the number at the top of each element box, is the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the atom.
    Atomic Mass: It is the number of all the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
  25. 25What information can you get if you just know the atomic number of an element?The number of Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons.
  26. 26What is an Isotope?An Isotope is a different form of the same element that has the same number of protons, but a different number of Neutrons.
  27. 27Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different?All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have a greater mass OR different atomic forms.
  28. 28Describe a few applications that use radioactive isotopes.A radioactive Isotope is unstable and will lose protons, particles, or energy.
    Radioactivity in fossils dating.
    Tracers to follow atoms through metabolism for diagnostic purposes.
  29. 29Electrons occur in energy levels called electron shells. Know how many electrons each shell can hold. What is the octet rule?Electron Shells closest to the nucleus can hold 2 electrons, the second can hold 6, and the third can hold 18 electrons.
    Octet Rule: An element can donate, accept, or share electrons with other elements to fill its valence (outer) shell.
  30. 30What are valence electrons?An outer shell electron that is associated with an atom.
  31. 31The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the ____________ electrons.Valence
  32. 32Given an atoms atomic number & mass number, know which one to use and how to determine how many valence electrons.Look at the Atomic number and remember how many electrons are in the shells. Or the group columns numbers.
  33. 33Atoms whose outer (valence) shell is full are stable are unreactive-these atoms do not form bonds, they are chemically _______.Balanced
  34. 34Hydrogen BondCommon and occurs between water molecules. They have only about 1/20 the strength of a covalent bond, yet even this force is sufficient to affect the structure of water, producing many of its unique properties, such as high surface tension, specific heat, and heat of vaporization.
  35. 35Types of Chemical BondsCovalent, Polar, Non-polar, Ionic, and Hydrogen.
  36. 36Covalent BondStronger and more common than ionic bonds in living organisms. The pair of shared electrons form a new orbit that extends around the nuclei of both atoms, producing a molecule.
  37. 37Polar BondTwo or more different elements share electrons unequally. With one end of the molecule slightly negatively charged and the other end slightly positively charged.
  38. 38Non-Polar BondTwo atoms of the same/different element that share electrons equally. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to form a molecule.
  39. 39Ionic BondInvolves a transfer of an electron, so one atom gains an electron while one atom loses an electron.
  40. 40What are Ions? Cations? Anions?Ions: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
    Cations: Positive ions that are formed by losing electrons.
    Anions: Negative Ions formed by gaining electrons.
  41. 41What kind of bond holds together the atoms in H2? H2O? O2? NaCl?Covalent Bond
  42. 42Chemical reactions are the making and breaking of chemical bonds. The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called _______________. The final molecules of a chemical reaction are called _______________.Reactants, Products.
  43. 43Water: All living organisms require water more than any other substance most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70–95%Water. Explain why water molecules are polar and capable of hydrogen bonding with neighboring water molecules?The water molecule is polar because oxygen has a slightly negative charge and hydrogen has a slight positive charge. It is capable of bonding with four neighboring water molecules because each molecule can hydrogen bond to a maximum of four other water molecules.
  44. 44Distinguish between a solute, a solvent, and solution.Solute: A minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
    Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving another substance.
    Solution: A homogeneous type of mixture of two or more substances. A solution has two parts: a solute and a solvent.
  45. 45Substances that dissolve in water are __________ or “water-loving” These substances include polar molecules, acids, bases & ionic compounds.Hydrophilic
  46. 46Substances that do not dissolve in water are ______________-water hating (oils)Hydrophobic
  47. 47pH: The molar concentration of hydrogen ions, [H+], in a solution: pH = ________________The concentration of Hydrogen Ions.
  48. 48The pH is a ___________ (linear/log) scale and goes from 0-14, with 0 being most_____________ (acidic/basic) and 14 the most (acidic/basic).Logarithm.
    Acidic.
    Basic.
  49. 49The lower the pH, the _________ the [H+] in that solution.Higher
  50. 50For example, a solution with a pH of 2 has ______ more H+ than a solution with a pH of 3.10 times.
  51. 51Given the pH of a solution, be able to determine hydrogen ion concentration [ H+] . Likewise if given the[ H+], be able to determine the pH.[H+] = 10-pH
    pH = -log10[H+]
  52. 52The pH is 4, what is the hydrogen ion concentration? Concentration of OH - ?0.0001
  53. 53What is an acid?It is a compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution and measures less than 7 on the pH scale. Lowers pH.
  54. 54What is a base?It is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution and measures more than 7 on the pH scale. Raises pH.
  55. 55What is a neutral solution?It's a solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither acidic (pH < 7) nor basic (pH > 7), but right in the middle, or neutral
  56. 56Buffers are substances that __________ changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution. Most buffers consist of an ____________ pair that can donate or accept H+ ions. Hence, buffers resist changes in the pH of a solution when an acid or base are added to the solution, helps maintain a relatively constant pH. Buffers accept (mop up) hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess. Buffers donate hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.Minimize.
    Acid-Base.
  57. 57What is a condensation (dehydration) reaction. What is a hydrolysis reaction?. Which reaction adds water to break bonds? Which reaction removes water to make bonds?Condensation: Chemical reaction that combines two molecules by the elimination of a smaller molecule, often water. (Removes water to make bonds)
    Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction in which a molecule is split by water ( as H+ and OH-) or the decomposition of organic compounds. (Adds water to break bonds)
  58. 58There are 4 major classes of macromolecules. What are they?carbohydrates.
    lipids.
    proteins.
    nucleic acids.
  59. 59Distinguish between monomers and polymers.Monomers- Identical small molecules.
    Polymers- Chainlike molecules formed from the linking together of many similar molecules.
  60. 60Carbohydrates: Their building blocks, 5 functions.Carbohydrates: Made of Monosaccharides.
    Providing energy.
    Store energy.
    Breakdown of fatty acids.
    Flavor and Sweeteners.
    Dietary fiber.
  61. 61Proteins: Their building Blocks and 5 functions.Are made of Amino Acids.
    Repairs Tissues.
    It allows Metabolic reactions.
    Maintain proper pH balance.
    Receptors for messages.
    Activate Gene expression.
  62. 62Lipids: Their Building Blocks and 5 functions.The building blocks of lipids are one glycerol molecule and at least one fatty acid, with a maximum of three fatty acids.
    Maintenance of cell membranes
    Production of certain hormones
    Insulation against cold temperatures
    Regulation of BP and inflammation
    Protection of vital organs from impact
  63. 63Nucleic Acids: Their building blocks and 5 functions.The building blocks of nucleic acids are called nucleotides.
    Genetic material stores information.
    Formation of genes
    Blueprint for building proteins
    transfers information
  64. 64Lipids: Lipids are a diverse group of ______________ molecules. Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers-The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for _____________. Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form__________ covalent bonds. The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.Hydrophobic.
    Water.
    Non-Polar.
  65. 65Phospholipids consist of ___ fatty acids and a ______ group is attached to glycerol. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a _______ head.2.
    Phosphate
    Hydrophilic.
  66. 66Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of ___ fused rings. Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for steroid hormones such as _______ and __________. High levels of cholesterol in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease. Be able to recognize the structure of fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are the biological functions of fats, phospholipids, and steroids?Carbon.
    Testosterone.
    Estradiol.

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Preparing for a test, nothing to see here.
Erstellt von
Gabriela Vazquez · Feb 2020
Aktualisiert
14 Feb 2020
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