Karteikarten
The Cold War
Karten in diesem Stapel (45)
- 1CommunismPolitical, economic and social system involving state control of economy and less emphasis on individual rights than capitalism.
- 2CapitalismPolitical, social and economic system centered on democracy and individual freedoms such as free speech, political beliefs and freedom to do business.
- 3State some ideologies of the USA 5Capitalist - business and property privately owned.
Democracy - govt. chosen in free democratic elections
Most wealthiness country but extremes - some very wealthy or very poor
Alarmed by communism theory
Believed they were doing the right thing rather than servicing interests of the USA - 4State some ideologies of the USSR 5Communists - all industry owned and run by the state
One-party Dictatorship - elections held but all candidates belonged to communist party
Unemployment was rare but much lower general standard of living that USA.
Rights of individuals seen as less important than good of society
Many in the USSR saw the USA's actions as selfishly building its economic empire and political influence. - 5When was the Yalta Conference?February 1945
- 6What was the point of the Yalta ConferenceIt was clear that Germany was losing the European war so the Allied leaders met at Yalta in the Ukraine to plan what would happen to Europe after Germany's defeat.
- 7Who attended the Yalta Conference?Stalin
Roosevelt
Churchill - 8What were the aims of Churchill in the Yalta conference?Free elections and democratic governments in Eastern Europe
- 9What were the aims of Josef Stalin in the Yalta conference?Soviet influence in Eastern Europe
- 10What were the aims of Franklin Roosevelt in the Yalta conference?Soviet support in war against Japan
- 11What were the agreements in the Yalta Conference? 6Japan - Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany had surrendered.
Elections - agreed as countries were liberated from occupation by the German army, they would be allowed to hold free elections to choose the government they wanted.
War criminals - concentration camps - hunt down and punish war criminals who were responsible for the genocide.
Germany - Germany would be divided into 4 zones: American, French, British, Soviet
United Nations- The big three all agreed to join the new United Nations.
Eastern Europe - Easter Europe be seen as a Soviet Sphere of Influence because Stalin concerned about security of USSR. - 12What was the main disagreement at Yalta? Go into each leaders opinionPoland - Stalin wanted the border of the USSR to move into Poland, Poland could go into Germany.
Churchill didn't approve but couldn't do much as Stalin's Red Army was in total control of both Poland and eastern Germany.
Roosevelt unhappy, Churchill persuaded him to accept it as long as USSR agreed not to interfere in Greece where British attempting to prevent communists take over. Stalin accepted this. - 13When was the Potsdam Conference and where?July 1945
Berlin suburb of Potsdam - 14What was the point of the Potsdam Conference?What to do now war was over
- 15What were the main Changes that occurred since Yalta? 4America had a new president - Roosevelt died in April 1945 - being replaced by Truman who was unwilling to negotiate with Stalin.
Soviet troops had taken over much of Eastern Europe without free elections (against Yalta conference) - less trust
16th July 1945 USA successfully tested the first atomic bomb - not going to share secret - Stalin gets more suspicious.
Churchill defeated in election and replaced by Clement Attlee - 16What were the disagreements in the Potsdam Conference? 3Germany - Stalin wanted to cripple Germany completely to protect the USSR, Truman didn't want to repeat the mistake of the Treaty of Versailles.
Reparations - 20 million Russians died in war - Stalin wanted compensation from Germany - Truman resisted
Eastern Europe - Truman unhappy about Russians and adopted a 'get tough' attitude towards Stalin - didn't like Stalin's governments in Eastern Europe - 17What is the Iron Curtain?Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the separation of eastern and Western Europe into communist and non-communist blocks.
- 18What did the secret police do to people who opposed communist rule?Imprisoned them
- 19What was the USSR's control in Germany?The allies had given the USSR control of the Eastern sector of Germany. Was run by the USSR effectively under Red Army control until the creation of the German Democratic Republic in 1949
- 20What was the USSR's control in Poland?The communists joined a coalition government, then became outright leaders in 1947 when they forced the non-communist leader into exile.
- 21What was the USSR's control in Hungary?Communists became the largest single party in the 1947 elections. They imprisoned opposition politicians and attacked Church leaders.
- 22What was the USSR's control in Romania?In 1945 a communist was elected Prime Minister within a left-wing coalition. In 1947 the Communists also abolished the monarchy.
- 23What was the USSR's control in Bulgaria?In 1945 a communist was elected Prime Minister within a left-wing coalition. In 1947 the Communists also abolished the monarchy.
- 24What was the USSR's control in Greece?Britain and the USA supported the royalist side in a civil war which defeated the communist opposition.
- 25What was the USSR's control in Albania?Communists gained power immediately after the war. Little opposition as during war communist and nationalist resistance movements had opposed the Italian and later German occupation forces.
- 26What was the USSR's control in Yugoslavia?Marshal Tito had led war time resistance to the Nazis. He was elected President in 1945. He was determined to apply communism in his own way and was expelled from Cominform in 1948
- 27What was the USSR's control in France and Italy?Both had strong communist parties which belonged to cominform
- 28What was the USSR's control in Czechoslovakia?Left-wing coalition won elections in 1945. In 1946 communists became largest single party. In 1948 their position was threatened. They banned other parties and made Czechoslovakia a communist, one state party.
- 29What is Cominform?Communist Information Bureau Organisation to spread communist ideas and also make sure communist states followed ideas of communism practiced in USSR. Set up by Stalin.
- 30How did Stalin control Cominform?Cominform regularly brought the leaders of each communist party to Moscow to be briefed by Stalin and his ministers. Allowed Stalin to keep a close eye on them. He spotted independent - mined leaders and replaced them with people who were completely loyal to him.
- 31Who was the only communist leader to escape this close control of Cominform? What happened to him?Tito in Yugoslavia - He resented being controlled by Cominform and was expelled for his hostility in 1948.
- 32Why did a civil war grow in Greece?There were 2 rival groups after the Germans retreated from Greece in 1944: the monarchists (wanted return of king) and the communists (wanted Greece to be a soviet republic). Churchill sent British trues to Greece to supervises elections and supported monarchists. In 1946, the USSR protested to the UN that British troops were a threat to peace in Greece. The UN took no action so communists tried to take control of Greece by force and a civil war developed.
- 33What happened in Greece on 24th February 1947?The British couldn't afford the cost of such a war and withdrew their troops. Truman steeped in. Paid for by the Americans, some British troops stayed in Greece. By 1950, the royalists were in control of Greece although a very weak government, always in a crisis.
- 34What is the Truman Doctrine?Policy of US president Truman from 1947 to promise help to any state threatened by communism. (money, equipment, advice)
- 35What was the policy of containment?Truman accepted that eastern Europe was now communist. His aim was to stop communism from spreading any further.
- 36What was the Marshall Plan?The plan behind Marshall Aid. Although it was an economic programme it was also political. Some commentators argued it was an economic form of imperialism designed to allow the USA to dominate western Europe.
- 37What was Marshall Aid?Programme of US economic aid to western Europe 1947-1951. Aim was to aid economic recovery but also to prevent more states becoming communist.
- 38Who went to Access the economic state of Europe?The Secretary of State and former US army general George Marshall.
- 39How much did the countries of Europe owe the USA? What were the effects of this?11.5 billion = extreme shortages of goods - most still rationing bread.
- 40How much money did Marshall suggest would be needed to rebuild Eropes prosperity?$17 billion
- 41What were Congress response to the Marshall Plan in December 1947?For a short time, the American Congress refused to grant this money Many Americas were becoming concerned by Truman's involvement in foreign affairs and 17 billion was a lot of money.
- 42What happened in Czechoslovakia in 1948?Communists took over the government in Czechoslovakia. It had been ruled by a coalition government which included communists, had been trying to pursue policies independent of Moscow. In March 1948 the communists came down and Anti-Soviet leaders were purged. One pro-American minister Jan Masaryk was found dead below his open window. The communists said he had jumped but the Americans suspected he'd been pushed.
- 43What were the consequences of the events in Czechoslovakia in 1948?Immediately Congress accepted the Marshall Plan and made $17 billion available over a period of 4 years.
- 44How did Marshall Aid help the US? 2The USA wanted to create new markets for American goods and they remembered the depression of the 1930's.
No trade tariffs or other restrictions to stop companies for countries with the aid. - aid only given to states which embraced democracy and free markets - approved by US. - 45What was Stalin's reaction to Marshall Aid? 2Stalin became suspicious – forbade any eastern European states to apply for Marshall Aid. View – anticommunist aims behind Marshall Aid would weaken his hold on eastern Europe and felt USA was trying to dominate as many states as possible by making them dependent on dollars.
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- History GCSE (The Cold War and the Gulf, 1945 - 2000) Karteikarten am The Cold War, erstellt von HRYN red am 11/05/2020.
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