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Biology Unit 1a - GCSE - AQA
Karten in diesem Stapel (44)
- 1what are all the food groups you should eat to have a balanced diet?carbohydrates
fats
protein
fibre
vitamins
mineral ions - 2what do the different food groups in a balance diet do to help you?carbohydrates - ENERGY
fats - ENERGY/ keep warm
protein - growth/ cell REPAIR/ REPLACEMENT
fibre - to keep the digestive system smooth
vitamins/ mineral ions - keep your BODY HEALTHY - 3what kind of diseases are caused by a lack of certain vitamins or minerals?deficiency diseases (e.g. lack of VITAMIN C causes SCURVY)
- 4what does your body have to do (in terms of energy) to lose weight?increase the amount of energy needed by the body by doing exercise and this therefore decreases the amount of energy stored as fat
- 5what defences does your body have to prevent microorganisms getting into it?skin
hairs
mucus
platelets in the blood
white blood cells - 6what are bacteria like? what do they do?very small cells
produce toxins
damage cells - 7what are viruses like? what do they do?not cells
replicate within body cells
burst out of the cells when complete
this is what makes you fell ill - 8what is the MMR vaccine used for?mumps
measles
rubella - 9what are the two main types of white blood cells? what do they do?phagocytes - engulf the foreign cells
lymphocytes - produce anti-toxins/ anti-bodies - 10how does natural resistance occur?random mutation
resistant to antibiotics
survive
reproduce and pass on resistance - 11why must we not over use antibiotics?bacteria is more likely to develop resistance
- 12what are vaccinations?dead or inactive pathogens which are injected into the body
- 13what are the steps for growing a culture?- pour hot agar jelly into a sterilised petri-dish
- heat an inoculating loop in a flame
- apply the culture to the agar jelly using the inoculating loop
- replace the lid immediately after applying the culture and tape closed - 14what temperature should the culture be incubated at?25 degrees Celsius as this prevents any unwanted microbes growing
- 15what are the three stages of drug testing?tissue/ cells
animals
willing volunteers (often will be ill) - 16what is the gap between two neurones called?synapse
- 17how does a signal pass over a synapse?- electrical impulse causes the neurone to create neurotransmitters
- these diffuse across the gap
- set off another electrical impulse in the new neurone
- the neurotransmitter is then destroyed - 18what are the different parts of the reflex arc?stimulus (e.g. bee sting)
receptor (e.g. skin receptors)
sensory neurone
CNS (relay neurone)
motor neurone
effector (e.g. muscle)
response (e.g. contracts) - 19what are the differences between nerves and hormones?nerves: act faster/last for a shorter time/ precise area
hormones: slower message/ lasts for a longer time/ more general effect - 20what are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?stage 1 - bleeding starts as uterus wall breaks down (days 1 to 4)
stage 2 - lining of uterus builds up again (days 4 to 14)
stage 3 - egg develops and releases (day 14)
stage 4 - uterus lining is maintained (days 14 to 28) - 21what are the three hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?LH
FSH
Oestrogen - 22what do the three hormones do?FSH - matures the egg/ stimulates oestrogen to be made
Oestrogen - inhibits FSH/ stimulates LH to be made
LH - releases egg from ovary - 23what is a hormone?chemicals released directly into the blood
- 24what is the main hormone in plants?auxin
- 25how does auxin affect growth in shoots? and in roots?shoots - increases growth
roots - inhibits growth - 26what are the three types of responses which auxin controls in a plant?gravity (geotropism)
moisture (hydrotropism)
light (phototropism) - 27how is water lost through the body?the SKIN as SWEAT
in our BREATH via our LUNGS
via the KIDNEYS in our URINE - 28what are the three main types of drugs?recreational
medicinal
performance-enhancing - 29what are the arguments for and against performance-enhancing drugs?FOR: it's their own decision/ drug-free sport isn't fair anyway (different coaches/ facilities)
AGAINST: it gives them an advantage without training/ may not be informed about the health risks of the drugs - 30what are statins used for?lowering the risk of heart and circulatory disease
- 31how can you test how well a drug works?create two groups
one has new drug
other has 'placebo' (sugar pill)
compare results - 32how are drug trials often carried out?they are always blind, and often double-blind so that neither the patient nor the doctor make conclusions based on their knowledge - consciously or subconsciously
- 33why might people use recreational drugs?enjoyment
relaxation
stress relief
to get stoned
inspiration - 34what are the issues involved with smoking?can cause disease of the heart/lungs
tobacco smoke causes cancer
nicotine is addictive - 35what are the issues involved with drinking?affects the nervous system - slows responses
impaired judgement
unconsciousness
poor coordination
addictive
damages the liver/ brain - 36where are LH, FSH and Oestrogen made?FSH/ LH - pituitary gland
Oestrogen - ovaries - 37what are the processes involved with IVF?FSH/LH given before to stimulate egg production
eggs are collected from womb
fertilised in a lab with sperm
incubated and grown as embryos
one or two transferred into uterus/womb (improves chance of pregnancy) - 38what does the body need to control?ion content
sugar content
water content
temperature - 39water loss on a cold day?not sweating as much
more urine produced
pale colour (diluted) - 40water loss on a hot day?sweat a lot
less urine
darker colour (more concentrated) - 41what was Thalidomide developed as?sleeping pill/ curing Insomnia
- 42what was Thalidomide used as instead?curing morning sickness
- 43what were the side effects of using Thalidomide as a morning sickness cure?caused limb abnormalities
- 44why had this side effect not been detected beforehand?because it was not tested as use for curing morning sickness
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- Quick questions on Unit 1a of GCSE AQA Biology.
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