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Crime and Deviance

Adam . Sociology A level Englisch 95 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (95)

  1. 1SutherlandWhite Collar Crime is 'Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.'
  2. 2Corporate CrimeCommitted by employees for their company in pursuit of their goals.
  3. 3Occupational CrimeCommitted by employees against the company.
  4. 4The invisiblity of corporate crime *.
  5. 5The mediaThey give limited coverage to corporate crime which reinforce the stereotype that crime is a working class phenomenon and corporate crime is described in sanitised language meaning as technical infringements rather than real crime.
  6. 6Lack of political willThey lack political will to tackle corporate crime, politicians focus on street crime instead of corporate crime.
  7. 7Complex crimesLaw enforcers are often understaffed, under resourced and lacking technical expertise to investigate efficiently.
  8. 8DelabellingAt the level of laws and legal regulation, corporate crime is consistenly filtered out from the process of criminalisation.
  9. 9Under reportingThe victim is often society at large or the environment meaning they may not regard it as 'real crime'.
  10. 10Strain theoryIf a company cannot achieve its goal of maximising profits by legal means, it may employ illegal ones instead.
  11. 11Differential associationThe less we associate with people who hold attitudes favourable to the law and the more we associate with people with criminal attitudes, the more likely we are to become deviant ourselves.
  12. 12Techniques of neutralisationIndividuals can deviate more easily if they can produce justifications to neutralise moral objections to their misbehaviour.
  13. 13Surveillance *.
  14. 14Surveillant assemblagesDifferent technologies are combined - for example by mixing CCTV with facial recognition software. They suggest that we are moving towards a world where data from different technologies cna be combined to create a 'data double' of the individual.
  15. 15Actuarial Justice and Risk ManagementFeeley and Simon argue that a new 'technology of power' is emerging throughout the justice system.
  16. 16FocaultFocault's panoptic approach is based on the idea that surveillance involves the physical manipulation of bodies in confined spaces such as prison.
  17. 17Problems with acturial justiceThe danger of a self fulfilling propechy.
  18. 18Labelling and SurveillanceResearch shows that CCTV operators make discriminatory judgments about who among the thousands of potential 'suspects' on their screens they should focus on.
  19. 19State Crime *.
  20. 20State crimeIllegal or deviant activites perpetrated by, or with the complicity of state agencies.
  21. 21Why is state crime serious?Scale of state crime - the state has a high amount of power, they can inflict harm on a huge scale.
    The state is the source of law - The state defines what is criminal. It can therefore conceal crimes and evade punishment.
  22. 22Categories of state crimesPolitical crimes.
    Social and cultural crimes.
    Economic rimes.
    Crimes by security/police forces.
  23. 23State initiatedWhen the state initiate, or approve corporate crimes.
  24. 24State facilitatedWhen states fail to regulate and control corporate behaviour, making crime easier.
  25. 25Media representations of crime *.
  26. 26How does the media represent crime?They over represent violent and sexual crime. They portray criminals and victims as older and more middle class. They exaggerate police success. They exaggerate risk of victimisation. Crime is reported as a series of separate events - no underlying causes.
  27. 27How does the media represent crime? (2)They overplay extraordinary crimes and underplay ordinary crimes. The distorted view of crime, painted by the media, reflects the fact that news is a social construction. News is not 'discovered', it is manufactured.
  28. 28How does the media cause crime?Imitation - copycat behaviour. Arousal - violent or sexual imagery. Desensitisation - repeated view of crime. Giving away criminal techniques. Target for crime - theft of TVs. Glamorising offending. Advertising goods that people want. Portraying the police as incompetent.
  29. 29Fear of crimeGerbner found that those who watch over 5 hours of TV per day had a higher fear of crime. Further correlations found with tabloid readers having greater fear of becoming a victim. This doesn't prove that media causes fear of crime. If we want to look at the effects of the media, we must look at how it's interpreted - an interpretivist point of view.
  30. 30Left realistsMass media helps to increase sense of relative deprivation. When the poorest groups have media access, materialistic items are advertised. This increases their sense of relative deprivation and marginalisation, so they feel excluded from society. Pressure to conform means people will go through illegitimate channels (Merton).
  31. 31Cultural criminologyArgues that the media turn crime itself into the commodity people desire. Media encourage people to consume crime, in the form of images of crime. Hayward and Young: late modern society is media saturated. Blurring between image and reality of crime - they are no longer distinct.
  32. 32Commodification of crimeLate modernity emphasises consumption, excitement and immediacy.
  33. 33Labelling and criminal justice policy *.
  34. 34TriplettComments on an increasing tendency to demonise and see even minor young offenders as evil. The criminal justice system in the USA and UK has sought to relabel and criminalise minor offences such as truancy and vandalism as serious anti social behaviour. Predictably this has led to an increase in secondary deviance.
  35. 35HannFinds similar findings in Holland and argues for the decriminalisation of many minor offences such as soft drug use as this acts as a gateway to further more serious criminality, once labelled.
  36. 36BraithwaiteDisintegrative shaming - where not the crime, but also the criminal is labelled as bad and the offender becomes socially excluded. Reintegrative shaming - where labels are applied to the act, not the person as if to say 'they have done a bad thing' as opposed to 'they are a bad person'.
  37. 37Mods and RockersThe media sensationalised the clashses between the two groups.
  38. 38Moral panicThe process of arousing social concern over an issue - usually the work of moral entrepreneurs. This inevitably involves the creation of a folk devil.
  39. 39Folk devilOver simplified, ill informed generalisations of particular people/ social groups who moral entrepreneurs wish to demonise.
  40. 40MuncieSimplification of an insubordinate minority. Simplification of cause. Stigmatisation of those involved (Labelling). Generation of fear amongst the public. A 'Stamp Down' on these groups.
  41. 41Younglabels, Folk Devils and moral panics generate more crime.
  42. 42Interactionist theories of crime *.
  43. 43Symbolic interactionismIndividuals' actions and behaviour are explained by individuals making choices based on their understanding of a situation and interactions with other people. Individuals are active negotiators of Socialisation and act dynamically. Meanings are not fixed.
  44. 44Symbolic interactionism (2)They are created, developed, modified and changed within the process of interaction. The way in which we define a situation represents the reality in how we should behave and subsequently infleunces how others behave towards us.
  45. 45Blumer's viewIndividuals act on the basis of meaning. Meanings are the product of social interactions. Meanings are communicated through symbols and are modified and handled through an interpretive process.
  46. 46Green Crime *.
  47. 47PrimaryCrime that results directly from the destruction and degradation of the erath's resources.
  48. 48Types of crimesAir pollution, deforestation, species decline and animal abuse and water pollution.
  49. 49SecondaryCrime that grows out of ignoring rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disaster.
  50. 50Examples of Secondary crimeState violence against oppositional groups. Hazardous waste and organised crime.
  51. 51ConventionalFocuses on the legislation and whether it has been broken.
  52. 52Green criminologyFocuses on harm done to the environment even if it's not apart of the law.
  53. 53Critical Criminology *.
  54. 54Neo MarxistsHold traditional Marxist views, but are influenced by the ideas of labelling theory. Taylor, Walton and Young introduced the New Criminology in 1973, detailing theirn understanding of crime and deviance.
  55. 55What do Neo Marxists agree on?Capitalist society is based on exploitation and class conflict. The state makes and enforces laws in the interests of the capitalist class. Capitalism should be replaced by a classless society. This would reduce the extent of crime.
  56. 56Taylor et alThey take a voluntaristic view. People have free will to commit crime - it is a meaningful act made as a conscious choice by the actor.
  57. 57CriticismsTaylor et al doesn't take crime seriously and they ignore its effects on working class victims.
  58. 58Crime prevention *.
  59. 59Situational crime preventionThey are directed at specific crimes. They involve managing or altering the immediate environment of the crime. They aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the rewards.
  60. 60Target hardeningIncreasing the effort needed to commit a crime. For example, locking doors and windows to make it harder for burglars.
  61. 61Rational choice theoryThe view that criminals act rationally, weighing up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit it.
  62. 62Criticisms of situational crime preventionIt tends to focus on opportunistic petty street crime. It ignores white collar, corporate and state crime which are the most costly and harmful. Works to some extent, but there is likely to be some displacement. It assumes that crimiansl make rational calculations. This is unlikely in certain crimes.
  63. 63Broken windows theoryWhen we see things that are broken down, we believe that no one cares about it. If something is already broken and it hasn't been fixed, crime is likely to be more common. Crime is more common where the community doesn't care about their image.
  64. 64Zero tolerance policingKelling and Wilson say that the absence of control leads to crime. Their solution is to crack down on any disorder. Must proactively tackle the sign of any disorder in order to prevent any serious crime.
  65. 65Evidence of the impact of zero tolerance policingThe NYPD benefitted from 7000 extra officers. There was a general decline in the crime rate in major US cities at the time including ones where the police didn't adopt a zero tolerance policy. Deaths from homicides fell hwoever attempted homicides remained high.
  66. 66Social and community crime preventionSocial and community prevention strategies place emphasis firmly on the potential offender and their social context. They aim to remove the conditions that predispose individuals to crime in the first place. These are longer term strategies since they aim to tackle the root cause of offending rather than simply removing the opportunities for crime.
  67. 67Social and community crime prevention (2)Because the causes of crime are often rooted in social conditions such as povery, unemployment and poor housing, more general social reform programmes addressing these issues may have a crime prevenion role, even if this is not the main focus.
  68. 68Perry preschool projectExperimental project for disadvantage black children in Michigan, a group of 3-4 year olds were offered a two year intellectual enrichment programme during which time the children also received weekly home visits. By age 40, they had significantly fewer lifetime arrests for violent crime, property crime and drugs, while more had graduated from high school and were in employment.
  69. 69Perry preschool project (2)It was calculated that for every dollar spent on the programme, $17 were saved on welfare, prison and other costs. However, this focuses on low level crimes meaning crimes of the powerful and environmental crimes are disregarded.
  70. 70Social distribution of crime *.
  71. 71Class *.
  72. 72Neo marxismPeople have free will to commit crime. Capitalism's control of the state means that it is able to avoid enforcing laws that conflict with its interests.
  73. 73Strain theoryIf a company cannot maximise profits by legal means, they may use illegal methods. Deviance occurs when legitimate opportunities are blocked for working class people.
  74. 74MertonUtilitarian crime happens by working class people in search of the American Dream.
  75. 75White collar crimeIf a company can't achieve money legitimately, it may also turn to illegitimate means.
  76. 76Left realismRelative deprivation is more likely to cause crime. Lower classes enter subcultures because they feel materially deprived and marginalised in society.
  77. 77Differential associationThe more we associate with people with criminal attitudes, the more likely we are to become deviant. Crime is a behaviour learned from others around us. If a company's culture is to commit crimes to achieve goals, employees will be socialised into this criminality. Links to deviant subcultures and techniques of neutralisation.
  78. 78Right realismInadequate socialisation - because of being in lower classes they are more likely to commit crime as they haven't been socialised into mainstream norms.
  79. 79Labelling theoryThose in lower classes are more likely to be labelled as troublesome, therefore could create a self fulfilling prophecy.
  80. 80FunctionalismCrime is inevitable. Due to individuals being exposed to different influences and circumstances, some are more likely to commit than others. Lower class has developed its own subculture. Their subcultural norms of toughness and excitement can clash with mainstream norms and lead to crime.
  81. 81Ethnicity *.
  82. 82Ethnicity and victimisation *.
  83. 83What do areas of high social deprivation lead to?More crime
  84. 84SewellLack of tough love leads to more gang activity.
  85. 85Extent and risk of victimisationFor violent crime, factors such as being young, male and unemployed are strongly linked with victimisation. Ethnic groups with a high proportion of young males are therefore likely to have higher rates of victimisation.
  86. 86Sampson and PhillipsThey argue that racist victimisation tends to be ongoing over with time repeated 'minor' instances of abuse and harassment interwoven with periodic incidents of physical violence.
  87. 87Responses to victimisationMembers of minority ethnic communities have often been active in responding to victimisation. Responses have ranged from situational crime prevention measures such as fireproof doors and letterboxes, to organise self defence campaigns aimed at physically defending neighbourhoods from racist attacks.
  88. 88Responses to victimisation (2)Such responses need to be understood in the context of accusations of under protection by the police, who have often ignored the racist dismensions of victimisation and failed to record or investigate reported incidents properly.
  89. 89Responses to victimisation (3)The Macpherson Enquiry concluded that the police investigation into the death of the black teenager Stephen Lawrence was 'marred by a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers'. Others have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes and beliefs among individual officers.
  90. 90Ethnicity and crime *.
  91. 91StatisticsWhite - They have the highest percentage of the population and the highest percentage of convictions. Black - They have the lowest percentage of the population however they have a higher percentage of convictions than asian who have a higher percentage of the population.
  92. 92Statistics (2)Asian - They have 7% of the population and the lowest percentage of convictions. Other - They have the lowest percentage of the population however they have a higher percentage of vonctions than Black and Asian.
  93. 93Statistics (3)Black people make us 5% of the population, but 13.1% of the prison population. White people are under represented at all stages of the criminal justice system.
  94. 94GilroyMost blacks and asians in the UK originated in former British colonies, they were taught how to resist oppression through violence and riots.
  95. 95—

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A level Sociology (Crime and Deviance) Karteikarten am Crime and Deviance, erstellt von Adam . am 20/03/2021.
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