Karteikarten
conservation
Karten in diesem Stapel (43)
- 1Noble Savage Theory-humans have always impacted the natural world
-some species benefit from human activity
-shifting bassline (subjective what should be conserved) - 2Deforestation rates-temperate forest went from 1700-1960ish
-tropical forest deforestation increased once all the temperate forest went
-can you tell the people around rainforests to not cut them down then? - 3deforestation vs humans-closely linked to human population
- 4Human population growth-roughly a billion new humans every 13yrs since the 60s
-10 billion at the end of the century - 5human resource use-20 to 32% of global available energy used
-industrialised nations use 60-80% of local available energy
->80% of the globe is inhabited
-98% of fertile land is used - 6ultimate reason for loss of biodiversity-Human pop growth and resource use
- 7proximate causes for loss of biodiversity-industry
-agriculture
-fisheries + forestry - 8conservation biolog-applied scientific discipline that seeks to counter biodiversity loss
- 93 core components of conservation biology-quantifying loss + impacts
-identify causal mechanisms
-devise strategies to reduce impacts - 10conservation as a crisis discipline-concerned with the long-term viability of whole systems
- 11Biodivesity-the variability among living organisms including within species, between species and of ecosystems
- 12units of conservation approaches-taxonomic: Genetic diversity, populations, subspecies, species
-Ecosystems: Habitats, Ecosystems services - 13Genetic diversity-important for increasing population resilience (small pop paradigm)
-useful for improving yields in closely related crop species
-within a species, varies spatially - 14Genetic diversity mapping-pretty impractical to do right now, big investment to generate global maps of diversity
-unless populations are used as conservation units - 15populations as conservation unit-Multiple populations protected = higher probability of:
1) Maxing genetic diversity
2) Protecting local adaptation
3) Insurance against local disaster - 16defining population-are isolated populations individual populations?
-difficult to define - 17disadvantage of focussing on populations as a conservation unit-inefficient conservation as the local sp are focused on
-multiple isolated populations; usually pragmatic to save them all
-based on assumptions of genetic divergence between pop which is rarely tested - 18Sub-species as a conservation unit-more likely to conserve a species genetic diversity if all sub species are conserved
-sub-species can be basically the same genetically (especially mainland birds) - 19Species as a conservation unit advantages-irreplaceable (good for adverts and shit)
-biological data most frequently collected at this unit
-easy to define (in comparison to subspecies + populations), good for law - 20Species as a conservation unit disadvantages-uncharismatic species not described, making it difficult to conserve. makes you wanna take an ecosystem approach
- 21Habitats as conservation units-protecting habitats protects sp that occur there
-habitat loss major driver of extinction risk (80% endangered terrestrial vertebrates threatened)
-reasonably good data on habitat loss - 22Habitats as conservation units disadvantages-species that fill a niche in a habitat and therefore have a very small range would mean you have to maintain all of the habitat instead of taking a taxonomic approach catering to the specific sp
-hard to make the public care UNLESS you go utilitarian with it ecosystem service - 23types of ecosystem services1) supporting services: provide for all other ecosystem services (nutrient cycling, soil formation)
2) provisioning services: products obtained from ecosystems, does biodiversity = productivity?
3)regulating services: benefits provided by ecosystem regulation of problems eg, floods climate
4)cultural services: non material benefit recreational - 24ecosystem services as a unit of conservation disadvantages-On a global scale services are hard to map
-conserving ecosystems may ignore biodiversity - 25what to prioritise conservation-ideally maintain every cog and wheel in an ecosystem, too many tho
-Sp occupying areas of high human pop experience more threat - 26prioritising taxonomic distinctiveness-what species represents the most evolutionary history (more functionally diverse)
-Distinctiveness = max branch from root / branches from root sp
-only works for some groups, groups
need to be very well known
-common sp can also become extinct - 27prioritising keystone sp-Species that play a key role in an ecosystem, there survival defines the rest of the ecosystem
-Community importance index CI = change in community trait / change in focal sp biomass
CI > 1 = keystone species
-Mostly anecdotal evidence
-Some none-keystones have equivalent effects of keystones - 28prioritising Umbrella sp-sp that requires a large area for conservation therefore protects other sp with similar habitat requirements
-area w/o sp wont be conserved where other sp may b - 29prioritising flagship sp-charismatic sp that promote conservation of region/habitat
-areas without focal habitat worthless? - 30prioritising indicator sp-sp w narrow ecological tolerance so only found in specific habitats
-may b absent in good quality habitat - 317 different kinds of rarity
- 32prioritising sp by threat of extinction-population viability analysis (PVA):
based on demographic data - pop size birth rate death rate how these vary with the environment
-impractical for most sp - 33ICUN red list prioritising sp by threat1) classify threat to assign priorities and measure conservation progress
2) consistent when used by different people
3) improve objectivity through clear guidance
4) facilitate comparisons across different taxa
5) transparency - give people using lists a better understanding of classification proccess - 34ICUN evaluation criteria1)range size
2)population size
3)number of populations
4)severely fragmented populations
5)population trend
6)extreme population fluctuation - 35range size
- 36population size-number of mature individuals capable of reproduction
-re-introduced individuals must have bred before being counted
-ICUN attempts to take into account skewed sex ratios - 37site conservation'Half earth' is impossible without restoration
aichi protection targets for 2020:
-17% land/freshwater
-10% marine areas - 38Biodiversity hotspot-at least 1500 endemic vascular plants
-<30% area retains original natural variation - 39global scale vulnerabilitymeasured as:
-% habitat loss (assumes that current loss predicts future loss)
-human pop density
-protected area coverage
-total forest cover (bad only considers forest based ecosystems) - 40proactive vs reactive conservation
- 41irreplaceablility indicators-endemic species are used as an indicator of vulnerability
-protecting endemics will protect other endemics in the area - 42Key Biodivesity areas (KBAs)-combines sites and species focus
-combines vulnerability and irreplaceability
-long history based on important bird areas (IBAs) but recently expanded to other taxa - 43Ratcliffes criteria for local prioritisation
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- Karteikarten am conservation, erstellt von Alexander Baker am 18/01/2023.
- Erstellt von
- Alexander Baker
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