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- 1The software development industry has a particularly bad history of projects that are over budget and/or of poor quality. Briefly describe three (3) major causes of these project problems.incomplete requirements
lack of user involvement
lack of resources
unrealistic expectations
lack of executive support
changing requirements and specs
lack of planning
system no longer needed - 2Draw the Spiral Model and briefly describe the major aspects of the model. What in general should we be able to say about the software produced as we move outward along the process flow path?
- 3Agile Software Development is a newer software life cycle model; how are the terms: customer communication, continual change and small chunks associated with the Agile philosophy?• Accepts that change will happen and tries to deal with those changes as efficiently and effectively as possible
• Encourages direct, ongoing customer communication, continual testing and team programming
• Design done in small chunks on an ongoing basis - 4Two (2) measures of program complexity are the Function Point and Feature Point metrics. •What is the essential difference between these two metrics?The feature point metric is an extended version of the function point metric which incorporates a count of the number of algorithms in the applications and gives them appropriate weighting
- 5Two (2) measures of program complexity are the Function Point and Feature Point metrics •For which application domains are the two metrics each applicable?Function point for business and information systems, feature point for scientific and engineering domains application
- 6Describe how the Function Point and Feature Point values for a project are determined. Include in your discussion an explanation of the various parameters, weighting factors, technical complexity values and unadjusted function count in addition to the equations involved.1 mark for UFC, 1 for TCF, 1 for FP equation and 1 for parameters and weightings scheme
Must provide a good description of each aspect with the equations
FP = UFC * TCF
UFC = 40*4 + 30*7 + 22*4 + 10*7 + 9*10 (+ 20 * 15) = 618 (918)
TCF = 0.65 + 0.01* [9*2.5 + 4.5 + 3.5 + 4.0 + 3.0 + 2.0] = 1.045 - 7Draw the flow graph for the function. Ensure the correspondence between nodes in the flow graph and statements in the code are clearly shown.
- 8Describe the three (3) methods of determining McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity Index for a flow graph.2 marks – minus 1 mark for each wrong (minimum zero)
MCC = e – n + 2
where e = No of arcs, n = No of nodes
MCC = p + 1
where p = No of predicates
MCC = r
where r = No of regions in flow graph
- 9Determine the Cyclomatic Complexity Index for the CalcFace::input function.1 mark for correct answer
MCC = 7 regions = 18 arcs – 13 nodes + 2 = 6 Predicates + 1 = 7
- 10Boehm and Jacopini (1966) proved that any program can be constructed from just three basic structures. What are these structures? Use diagrams to help explain each structure.
- 11The feasibility of a project is obviously measured in the economic domain by a cost benefit analysis. Name and briefly describe the other three (3) areas which we should consider to determine the feasibility of a project.1 mark each for name and description of 3 areas = 3 marks
Technical, Legal/Social/Ethical, Organisation Goals &Culture - 12Draw and briefly describe the Raleigh-Norden curve for effort expended over the duration of a software development project. - What are the consequences of using fixed size project teams according to the curve and how would it help you size the project team? - If you do have a fixed size project team and multiple projects to be carried out how could we reduce the consequences you have just described?1 mark for correct curve
1 mark for consequences of fixed size team ie some periods where have too manypeople and others where not enough. Would size team to get a reasonable compromise between the periods where too many and not enough people.
1 mark for suggestions ie staggering of projects etc. - 13Compute the project duration using the intermediate COCOMO modelasd
- 14What is the powerset of a set as used in the Z specification language? What is the powerset of the set A = {1,2,3}? What is the powerset operator used for in a Z specification?3 *1 marks for correct definition, P A and use of powerset in Z
ie something like set of all possible sets, {{}, {1}, {2},...{1,2,3}} , used to define type of
variable which can store a set of values - 15There are a number of errors in the following Z specification language code, write down each line of code with an error along with the correct code for that line.asd
- 16he current value of a relationship f is {(2,6), (3,12), (4,16), (5,20), (6,12)}. Answer the following questions about the relationship: i) Is the relationship f a valid injection? If not what is it?No, because the range element 12 has multiple relationships, it is a
function only - 17The current value of a relationship f is {(2,6), (3,12), (4,16), (5,20), (6,12)}. Answer the following questions about the relationship: What is the domain of the relationship f ?Is the set {2,3,4,5,6}
- 18The current value of a relationship f is {(2,6), (3,12), (4,16), (5,20), (6,12)}. Answer the following questions about the relationship: What is the range of the relationship f ?Is the set {6,12,16,20}
- 19The current value of a relationship f is {(2,6), (3,12), (4,16), (5,20), (6,12)}. Answer the following questions about the relationship: Is it correct to write {12} <=> f (3) ?No, wrong type, f(3) returns the atomic value 12 not a set containing 12
- 20You are to produce a formal specification for a weather map system that records the yearly minimum temperature and maximum temperature for a series of named regions. The following Z schema defines the state space for this system.asd
- 21Explain the difference between a combinational and sequential finite state machine using examples.2 marks for description of difference, 2 marks for good examples
Combinational FSM = A FSM whose outputs are determined entirely by its current inputs
Sequential FSM = A FSM whose outputs are determined both by its current
inputs and past inputs - 22Explain why it is necessary to translate Data Flow Diagrams (DFD’s) into structure charts.2 marks for a reasonable explanation
DFD is a network model (concurrent), which does not map well onto current
hardware and is difficult (expensive) to implement (i.e. need to consider control
and synchronisation) and to maintain. Therefore need to translate to equivalent
hierarchical model ie structural chart - 23What facilities are missing from standard DFD’s for their use in real-time structured analysis?3*1 marks for description of problems ie
No ability to respond to or initiate events, no means of synchronising processes
and no way of specifying timing constraints - 24Define what is meant by coupling and explain its relationship with software portability.1 mark for definition and 1 for relationship with portability = total 2 marks
Coupling - A classification of how modules are connected together
Highly interconnected modules are said to be tightly coupled... undesirable
Loose coupling is much better since it reduces the ripple effect associated with
software changes
A loosely coupled program will mean changes to one area will have less effect in other areas so changes for system commands etc to port to a new OS should be
easier to do. - 25Define the terms validation and verification with respect to testing.1 marks for each correct definition * 2 = 2
validation – an attempt to find errors by executing a program in a real environment
verification – an attempt to find errors by executing a program in a test or
simulated environment - 26Explain why exhaustive testing is usually not possible on even relatively simple software modules.2 marks for explanation
Modules with loops and even a small number of independent paths can have a
very large number of different paths through the module. Deriving test cases and execution of this large number of cases is prohibitive – both in human effort andcomputation time. - 27What are the two major integration strategies used in testing? Describe these strategies and list their major advantages and disadvantages.2 marks for naming and description and adv and disadv. * 2 = 4 total
Topdown and bottomup. - 28What are the basic motivating factors for the change from object oriented systems to component based systems?2 marks for factors
Motivated by the failure of object-oriented systems to lead to extensive reuse
- single object classes were too detailed and case specific
- source code was needed for understanding the class
- binding at compile or link time required either source code or object code therefore problems with marketing of classes. How do we keep someone from taking our knowledge and implementation? - 29What is meant by the Provides and Requires Interface for a component?1 mark for each interface definition * 2 = 2 total
Two related interfaces
“provides” interface defines the services provided by the component
“requires” interface specifies services which must be provided for the
component to function correctly - 30Discuss the use of Portfolio Analysis for identifying which systems in an organisation should be re-engineered first.1 mark for each correct axes description
Vertical axis – technical quality using some quantitative measure
Horizontal axis – User satisfaction using surveys, interviews etc
2 marks for all quadrant description for re-engineering + 1 above= 3 total
Quadrants
- high technical quality and user satisfaction,
last systems for re-engineering
- low technical quality but high user satisfaction
restructuring to help maintenance required
- high technical quality but low user satisfaction
reverse engineering to reassess user requirements needed
- low technical quality and user satisfaction
scrap or at least restructure, then reverse engineer - 31What is Configuration Management and why is it important in the development of large software systems?1 mark for description, 2 marks for good reasons why it is necessary
CM is concerned with the development of procedures and standards for managing an evolving software system. Large Software Systems have a long lifetime, are subject to change and changing software is a team effort, need good description of this and other factors - 32Draw the dependency graph for the following make file:2 marks for correct graph
Can be drawn with form at top or bottom but must have correct levels and
dependencies - 33A number of different models have been proposed for understanding the workings of the human memory system. The one discussed in this unit was the Multi-store Model that uses three types of memory store. Name and describe the major characteristics of these stores.1 mark for each store name and description *3 = 3 marks
sensory, working, long-term - 34What are the three (3) general principles of user centred design?(1) To focus on users and their tasks early in the design process
(2) To measure reactions by using prototype manuals, interfaces, and
other representations of the system
(3) To design iteratively because designers, no matter how good
they are, cannot get it right the first few times
1 mark for each of these = 3*1 = 3 - 35Create a UAN specification for the task of moving a file icon on the desktop of a particular system. Here is a detailed description of the task: i) Move the cursor to the file icon. Press and hold down the left mouse button. Depressing the left mouse button selects the file, indicated by the highlighting of its icon. ii) With the button held down, move the cursor. The icon follows the cursor as you move it around. iii) Release the left mouse button. The file icon is now moved to where you released the button, and the corresponding file is deselected1 mark for correct basic format ie title, actions, feedback and state
1 mark for actions using correct symbols for cursor, mouse down etc
1 mark for correct feedback using highlighting, rubber-banding etc
1 mark for correct state changes
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- Karteikarten am SE, erstellt von 280742332 am 10/11/2015.
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- 280742332 · Nov 2015
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- 28 Apr 2016
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