Karteikarten
Features of a conversation (AQA AS Level 2015+)
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- 1Opening and closing framesVarious ways conversations start and end, often involving phatic talk.
Formality of the context will influence how a conversation open and closes.
Opening frames - "Hello, how are you?"
Closing frames - "Better be off then" - 2Terms of addressTerms of address (names and titles) range from formal to informal, depending on the nature of the relationship between speakers
- 3Turn takingTaking turns to speak
- 4Topic shifts and loopsTopic shift - changes in the subject of conversation
Loops - where the previous subject is reintroduced - 5Overlaps and interruptionsWhen the speaker begins talking before another comes to the end of their turn
- 6Smooth latchingsThese occur when one speaker beings speaking just as another finishes
- 7Adjacency pairsTwo part exchanges:
- questions and answers
- greetings and farewells
- invitations and acceptance/refusals
- requests and agreements/denials - 8Three-part exchangesThese occur when the first speakers asks a question which elicits a answer from the second speaker which further generates an utterance from the first speaker e.g: the typical teacher-pupil exchange - initiation/response/feedback (IRF)
- 9Tag questionsQuestions literally tagged on to the end of statements, e.g: "nice day, isn't it?"
- 10The vocativeTerm given to the use of someone's name or title when addressing them directly e,g: "Are you listening, Mark?"
- 11Back-channellingThese include paralinguistic feedback and verbal responses to show the speaker they are being listened to
- 12Monitoring featuresExpressions which monitor the listener's understanding e.g: "you know what I mean?"
- 13Discourse markersExpressions speakers use to guide their listeners e.g: so, anyway, what's more
Discourse markers can occur in monologic and dialogic speech - 14Comment clausesExpressions that allow speakers to show feelings and attitudes towards what they are saying e.g: I think, I suppose, I'm delighted to say, I'm afraid etc.
- 15MaximsQuality
Quantity
Manner
Relevance - 16Conversational implicatureImplied meaning of what we are saying
- 17Conversational language and power and authorityCertain aspects of onversational language can be used to exert power and authority:
- length of turn
- amount of interruptions
- who changes the topic setting, shifts and loops
- who sets the topic
- use of interrogatives (questions)
- use of imperatives (orders)
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Features of a conversation, part of the discourse and pragmatics for AQA English Language AS Level 2015+ Although we do not think of informal conversation as a structured activity, much of it follows predictable patterns, and the participants in a conversation do usually follow a number of rules and conventions which are as follows:
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