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Biology Flash Cards (Human Systems Part 2)

Natasha Gidluck Science 10 Englisch 83 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (83)

  1. 1HomeostasisMaintaining balance in an internal environment
  2. 2StimulasThe change in the environment
  3. 3ReceptorsThe parts of an organism that sense the change in an environment (senses)
  4. 4Control CentreThe part of the body that realizes what the stimuli will do to the body (brain)
  5. 5EffectorThe part of the body that sends a message so that the body will respond to the stimulus
  6. 6ResponderThe part of the body that responds to the stimulus using negative feedback in order to maintain homeostasis
  7. 7Negative FeedbackTo go against a change in an environment using the steps known as receptor, control centre, effector and responder.
  8. 8Positive FeedbackThe opposite of negative feedback where the response of the body is to go with the stimulus.
  9. 9Urinary SystemMeant to maintain homeostasis of water, salts, urea and some vitamins.
  10. 10UreaMade from the toxic ammonia into this common less toxic substance that makes up most of the urine
  11. 11KidneysFilter blood so that substances can be removed and reused and waste can be excreted from the body.
  12. 12Renal VeinTakes blood from the kidney to the heart.
  13. 13Renal ArteryTakes blood into the kidney
  14. 14UreterTransports urine from the kidneys into the bladder
  15. 15BladderStores the urine until it is ready for excretion
  16. 16UrethraThe passage where urine exits the body
  17. 17Urinary SphincterControls the exit of the urine from the bladder and into the urethra
  18. 18CortexThe outer portion of the kidney
  19. 19MedullaThe inner portion of the kidney
  20. 20Renal PelvisThe middle of the kidney filled with a fatty substance to hold different parts together
  21. 21NephronA small structure inside the kidney that filters, reabsorbs and secretes filtrate from the bloodstream
  22. 22GlomerulusThe first part of the nephron where substances are filtered and only small molecules pass the high pressure area
  23. 23Bowman's CapsuleSurrounds the glomerulus and takes the filtrate into the proximal tubule. Has a wrench shape
  24. 24Proximal TubuleWhere the first reabsorption occurs and water, glucose, ions, and acids go back in the bloodstream through active transport to be re-used
  25. 25Loop of HenleThe descending loop reabsorbs water through osmosis as the environment gets saltier. The ascending loop is impermeable to water and reabsorbs ion such as Na+ and Cl-
  26. 26Distal TubuleIs where secretion starts in the nephron and even more substances get reabsorbed into the bloodstream. The first place where concentrated urine passes through
  27. 27Collecting DuctWhere the concentrated urine is gathered and water is sometimes reabsorbed, depending on the hydration of the organism
  28. 28ADHAntidiuretic Hormone controls whether water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream if the body is dehydrated. It creates more concentrated urine
  29. 29AldosteroneConnects to blood pressure and influences sodium reabsorption in the bloodstream. Results in a higher blood pressure and hydration as a result of attempting to maintain homeostasis
  30. 30Kidney DialysisWhen someone has an artificial kidney made from tubing that filters out substances and reabsorbs them like a normal kidney with the use of dialysis fluid
  31. 31MusclesEffectors which allow movement to be carried out. The 3 types include Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth
  32. 32Cardiac MuscleIs specific to the heart and has many nuclei, it is unique in that it never stops its movement and continues to contract and relax
  33. 33Smooth MuscleUsed to line cell walls like the small intestine and has one nucleus. Involuntary movement
  34. 34Skeletal MuscleCommon muscle like your biceps or triceps, work in pairs and need voluntary control
  35. 35AntagonisticMeans that muscle need to do the opposite of each other or go against each other. They can only pull, not push, which explains why each skeletal muscle works in a pair
  36. 36FlexorThe muscle that bends the joint
  37. 37ExtensorThe muscle that straightens the joint
  38. 38ActinA thin filament protein that is controlled by the brain and contains tropomyosin. Looks like two strings of beads loosely wound together
  39. 39MyosinA thick filament protein that have small heads that grab onto the actin protein when contracting. Looks like a double sided golf club
  40. 40SarcomereThe complex made of the actin and myosin proteins and the Z-line
  41. 41MyofibrilA bundle that contains many bunches of sarcomere
  42. 42Sliding Filament TheoryWhen the muscle contracts, the sarcomeres get smaller but do not change in length. They overlap and on relaxation the actin slides on top of the myosin.
  43. 43TropomyosinA long rope like protein that is attached to actin and covers the bonding sites where myosin heads attach
  44. 44TroponinA protein that bonds with a calcium ion to move tropomyosin out of the way, allowing myosin heads to bind to the actin protein strand
  45. 45AtrophyWhen the muscles fall into disuse and get noticeably smaller and weaker, sometimes resulting in paralysis.
  46. 46HyperAtrophyWhen the muscles are worked regularly and many myofibrils slowly get bigger, creating slightly larger cells that eventually result in bigger muscles.
  47. 47Muscle TwitchA small contraction that needs little power
  48. 48LatentWhen the muscle is at rest
  49. 49SummationMany small muscle twitches that increase in power until tetanus is achieved
  50. 50TetanusThe maximum power of a muscle achieved after summation
  51. 51Fast Twitch MusclesMainly anaerobic muscles that are bulkier and lose energy faster over a period of time
  52. 52Slow Twitch MusclesMainly aerobic muscles that are less bulky and have high endurance
  53. 53Respiratory SystemThe purpose is to provide oxygen for the cells in the body, thus causing cellular respiration and the creation of ATP and energy. Uses the nasal passageways, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
  54. 54The 4 Stages of RespirationBreathing (exchanges gases with internal and external environments), External Respiration (CO2 and oxygen exchange in lungs and bloodstream), Internal Respiration (Exchange between blood stream and tissue cells), Cellular Respiration (Combines glucose and oxygen to create ATP, carbon dioxide, and water)
  55. 55Nasal PassageLined with cells, hairs, and mucus that trap and contain dirt and impurities in the air. This stage moistens, warms, and cleans air before it enters the body
  56. 56PharynxAlso called the throat, it is the broader passageway that lets air and food pass into the body through separate tubes
  57. 57EpiglottisFlap that prevents food from going into the trachea
  58. 58GlottisThe opening from the pharynx to the larynx
  59. 59LarynxMade up of cartilage and contains the vocal chords that vibrate when the air tighten the muscles around each chord
  60. 60TracheaWind-pipe gets its strength from cartilage rings that prevent it from collapsing. It sometimes becomes blocked by accidental food which results in choking
  61. 61LungsThe right lung is heavier and has 3 folds while the left has two due to its closeness to the heart. Each lung is surrounded by the pleural membrane
  62. 62Pleural MembraneIs on both the outside and inside of the lungs to keep them connected to the movement of the body and to prevent possible collapse
  63. 63BronchiStem from the trachea and into the lungs, still made with cartilage rings that support and lined with cilia and mucus to trap any undesirable substances
  64. 64BronchiolesMany stem from the two bronchi and have ailing the same structure but with less and less cartilage. Move down the lung in rootlike patterns and lead to the alveoli
  65. 65AlveoliSmall air sacs grouped in grade shaped clusters. Where the exchange of gases take place and allows oxygen into the bloodstream through the capillary network that surrounds each one
  66. 66DiaphragmIs a dome-shaped structure that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
  67. 67Intercostal MuscleIs found between the ribs and help form and move the chest wall
  68. 68Air Pressure (Breathing)External environment has a high air pressure and the internal environment (body) has a low air pressure. The pressure inside your body lowers when you inhale and increases when you exhale
  69. 69Rib Muscles (Breathing)When you inhale the ribcage moves upward and outward, when you exhale it moves back down and inward
  70. 70Diaphragm (Breathing)During inhalation the muscle contracts and moves down, flattening out. Exhalation causes it to move up into its original position
  71. 71Volume in Chest Cavity (Breathing)The volume increases when you inhale and decreases when you exhale
  72. 72SpirographA graph showing the movement of breathing, including the following areas: Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and residual volume
  73. 73Tidal VolumeVolume of air taken up in your lungs when you breathe normally without strain or difficulty (without exercise)
  74. 74Inspiratory Reserve VolumeAdditional volume in the lungs used when you inhale deeper than usual
  75. 75Expiratory Reserve VolumeAdditional volume in the lungs used when you exhale deeper then usual
  76. 76Vital CapacityTotal volume of gas that can be moved in and out of the lungs including the tidal, inspiratory, and expiratory volumes
  77. 77Residual VolumeThe space in the lungs that contain gas that is never moved out of the lungs or respiratory system. Prevents the collapse of the lungs
  78. 78External RespirationTakes place in the lungs and exchanges gas between alveoli and the capillary network. Does this through diffusion and facilitated diffusion
  79. 79Internal RespirationTakes place in the blood and exchanges gases between the blood plasma and alveoli. Does this through the use of hemoglobin, diffusion, and dissolving carbon dioxide after forming bicarbonate
  80. 80Concentration GradientGoing from high to low pressure or concentration
  81. 81Cilia and Mucus CellsWork to clean air as it goes through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
  82. 82Collapsed LungWhen the alveoli in the lung deflate and the membranes stick together, making it difficult or impossible to breath. Can occur from a number of different reasons
  83. 83ChemoreceptorsThey send a message to the medulla of the brain if the pH of the blood is too high, due to CO2. This forces the body to take a breath and is why mammals cannot hold their breath for long

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Beschreibung
The Urinary System, Muscles, and the Respiratory System
Erstellt von
Natasha Gidluck
Aufrufe
19
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