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Work
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- 1Work Define.Work is where people perform jobs in exchange for money and other benefits.
- 23 types of work Describe.• Full time work is when someone works the maximum number of hours required for the normal working week. This work normally be roughly 40 hours a week.
• Part time jobs are when people chose to only work a fraction of the full time working week hence would get payed much less.
• Temporary work is only done for a short amount of time before it is complete and seasonal work is done regularly every year at a specific time. - 3Why not to work 5 reasons.• Education
• Childcare
• Retirement
• Disability
• Benefits
• Crime and black market - 4Activity of different sectors Positions in the UK.The secondary sector (manufacturing industry) has been declining in the UK recently as over time, an increasing number of our goods are imported. This reduces the number of manufacturing jobs in the UK meaning it is more difficult for those with low education levels to get jobs as manufacturing jobs are fairly simple.
The tertiary sector (service industry) has been increasing in the UK because as UK workers are well educated on average, more complex service jobs are done more efficiently in the UK meaning there are more jobs causing an increase in employment. - 5Specialization Define.Specialization is when workers only focus on one step of a production line meaning products are made much more efficiently. Instead of workers making a whole product all on their own, they work as a chain to produce multiple products without having to alternate through lots of different tasks.
- 6Benefits of specialization Give 3.• Workers can become more skilled at what they do if the only focus on one aspect of work.
• Output can be produced more quickly and efficiently as there are fewer task to complete.
• Businesses can produce output at a lower cost due to faster and more skilled workers and the extra profit could be shared amongst the workers. - 7Limits of specialization• Workers make become too interdependent and is one area of production fails, the output will be bad.
• Jobs may become boring if workers must continue to do the same thing.
• Morale may also fall because of repetitiveness and there will be less incentive as it would be harder to get a promotion.
• Absent workers could cause the whole production line to fail. - 8Effect of ICT on jobswebsites-based businesses
Email
work from home - 9Methods of payment Give 7.• Salary is a method of payment done monthly and is the total pay received in one year
• Wage is the hourly rate of a job. They are normally payed weekly.
• Commission is when workers receive pay for when a task is completed regardless of time.
• Overtime payment is additional payment to workers who work even longer hours than full time.
• Shift work payment is pay given when people do not work traditional working hours but instead things like the night shift.
• BACS stand for Bankers Automated Clearing Services is an electronic system used to transfer money electronically.
• Fringe benefits are other things that workers earn in some job asides from money like a free laptop or a company car. - 10Gross pay & net pay Define both.Gross pay is the pay given to someone before any deductions.
Net pay is the take-home pay after deductions. - 11Deduction types Give 5.Income tax is taken away depending on how much money is earned.
NICs (National Insurance Contributions) are paid by employees on incomes to build up an entitlement to certain benefits and the state pension.
Pension contributions are when a worker makes payment (either public or via company) to save money for retirement.
• Trade union subscriptions
• Staff association membership fees
• Student loan repayments - 12Supply of labour Define.The supply of labour is the number of workers who are willing to work at a certain firm for a given wage.
- 13Things affecting supply of labour Give 5.• The main monetary factor is that the higher the wage, the more willing workers would be to want a job.
• Gender may also cause women not to work as they are biologically made to bear children hence having a child may disrupt their work.
• Racism also affects supply of labour as many more white people are employed compared to other races.
• Taxation also affects supply of labour because workers would want the least amount of tax being taken away from them as possible.
• State benefits in the UK are extremely generous hence many people may be more encouraged to not work and simply live off of benefits. - 14Trends in female employment• Changing cultural attitudes mean they are adapted more and more to the modern world hence rules that restrict women are become gradually more lenient.
• A decline in primary and secondary sectors and an increase in the tertiary sector means that jobs are become less physical and more mental, making it easier for women to get employed.
• Changes in tax and benefits encourages women to get back to work after pregnancy. - 15Demand for labour Define.The demand of labour is the number of workers that a firm is willing employ for a given wage.
- 16Things affecting demand for labour Just 1.The government will often make companies give more to their workers such as paid holidays or maternity/paternity pay.
- 17Why wages are different for jobs 5 things.• Some jobs require more training and skills than other jobs hence are likely to be paid more as less people would we able to perform these types of jobs efficiently.
• Women are likely to be paid less than men because women are more likely to take a career break for raising a child so they miss out on training and promotional opportunities.
• Age also matters are seniors are much more likely to have higher pay as they have much more experience in the job.
• Trade unions are organisations that workers can decide to join. They protect workers and negotiate for higher pay and better working conditions. This can be achieved by strikes.
• Government influence such as the minimum wage prevents firms from cheaply employing low skilled workers. - 18Costs of unemployment to individuals 4 effectsBenefits however are much lower than the minimum wage
• Loss of skills
• Health issues like stroke and heart attack
• Family breakdown - 19Impacts of the government to unemployed people Give 4.• Tax allowances allow people to earn up to a certain amount without paying tax hence unemployed people will probably not need any tax at all (up to 11500)
• Jobseeker’s allowance is a government benefit for the unemployed at approximately 60 pounds a week.
• Working tax credits means that once unemployed people do decide to go back to work, they will still be allowed to receive some of the benefits that they did when unemployed for childcare or something.
• Education and apprenticeships (payed education) mean that unskilled and untrained workers can finally gain some skills to get back to work. - 20Types of unemployment Give 5.• Structural unemployment happens when the firm decides to relocate where their work takes place hence a large number of people lose their jobs in a specific area.
• Cyclical unemployment happens when there is a recession and people must be made redundant because the firm may no longer be able to take care of their wages.
• Frictional unemployment to very quickly switch jobs after given a notice because one job has a clear improvement over the other.
• Seasonal unemployment is where at one particular time of year, someone has a job and receives income and at another time, they do not. It is similar to an ice-cream man.
• Voluntary unemployment is when someone wants to be unemployed after realising that they don’t like their job or they don’t think it is worth the pay.
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- GCSE Economics Karteikarten am Work, erstellt von Dhru Patel am 25/03/2018.
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- Dhru Patel
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