Karteikarten
Ohne Titel
Karten in diesem Stapel (43)
- 1The meaning of the terms precision, accuracy, and Bias with DiagramPrecision- How similar repeated estimates are to each other
Accuracy-How close the estimate is to the true value
Bias- Where the results are not accurate and they are skewed instead of being evenly distributed - 2The core assumptions of the mark and recapture models and the name of the easiest one*The population is closed
* The mark will not have an effect on their survival and are not lost
*Each individual is equally catchable
* Takes place in a short amount of time
Lincoln-Peterson- One session of catching and one session of marking and recapture - 3The difference between an index of abundance and an estimate of population size (give examples of each method)Index of abundance-it is a relative measure of the size of a population
*aerial counts
*Transects
*Scat
*moth traps
Population size- Estimating the actual number of individuals in a population
*Quadrats
*Mark and recapture
* Distance sampling
*Territory mapping - 4What is a species accumulation/ discoverycurve and what does it show?species accumulation curve is concerned with accumulation rates of new species over the sampled area and depends on species identity. It shows that the more samples conducted the higher the rate of new species found. But there is eventually a point where the majourity of species has been found so most of the species have been discovered.
- 5In the context of monitoring what is meant by statistical power? What is it affected by?Power -the ability to detect a change
*Variation (high=low power)
*Effect size( low=low power)
*Sample size (small=low power)
*acceptance of a false positive (low acceptance=low power) - 6What is citizen science and how is it used?When data is collected by the general public, often in collaboration with scientists or scientific institutions.
- 7What is Webs?When public visits local wetlands once a month, mainly during winter. Count the number of waterbirds there. They upload their data online. Info collected is used to see if there are trends in populations of waterbirds. And can assess the importance of individual sites.
- 8What is an ethogram?An ethogram is a category of behaviors that a species may display
- 9Difference between human attitude and behaviorAttitude is a way of thinking or feeling about something and behavior is the way in one acts. These can be influenced by a subjective norm.
- 10Pros and Cons of scan sampling?Scan sampling is where you not what behavior every member of the species is doing in intervals of the time period. It is good because you get many behaviors listed at once. However, it may need more than one observer to observe all of the species.
- 11What is an indicator species and what characteristics should it have?An indicator species is used to asess to what degree the area is polluted. An example is trout,salmon and mayflys.
*Easy to identify
*limited mobility
*Differ in tolerence to pollution - 12Main threats to tigers worldwide*poaching
*Used in asian medicines and in the food market
*retibution killings
*Human conflict
*Fragmentation - 13What is alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity?Alpha- The total number of species in the area that has been sampled( local richness)
Beta-The spatial variation between species amoong sites within a region
Gamma- The total number of a large collection of sites, representing the region - 14Payments for ecosystem servicesPayments for ecosystem services (PES) are incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service. e.g. Snowdon and the grazing of sheep to allow increased biodiversity of plants
- 15What is mark and recapture used for?Mark-recapture methods are used to estimate the total size of a population. A sample of animals are taken from a population and are individually tagged/marked. There are various
mark-recapture methods. The Lincoln-Petersen method is the most basic. It involves one session of
catching and marking and one recapture session ). - 16How would you allocate sampling effort in stratified random sampling?This is where you assume that there is more than one habitat type. Each habitat is sampleed independently and also randomly. The samples are made to show each habitat proportionate to the area.
- 17Give three reasons why a conservation scientist might monitor trends in species conservation?1.) To detect a change over time
2.) Can help in decision making e.g. more ways you can protect the habitat
3.) Can give an indication into whether the habitat is benefiting the species or if a disease/predator is causing a decline in a population - 18Describe methods that have been used to estimate the number of tigers remaining in the wild and the limitations of these methods?1.) Look at pug marks - Might not know how long they were there for
2.) Look at claw marks on trees that mark territories
3.) Use their tiger stripes to identify individuals need a lot of time to identify and find them
4.)Camera traps - expensive and time-consuming to go through the footage
5.) Scat analysis- have to spend time in the lab
6.) Radio GPS collar- expensive, have to trap them and could cause stress - 19Name assumptions of Rational choice theory* You have perfect information
* You make rational calculations
* Its the individual that makes the choice - 20What is REDD+? Give one reason why it may be good for tropical forest conservation?It stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation it is a united nation initiative. They create financial value for the carbon stored stored in forests.
It makes threatened forests more valuable alive. There is a lot of fragmentation affecting biodiversity. Saving the forest would help maintain biodiversity - 21What caused the decline of the vulture How was it discovered?Diclofenac in cow painkillers. It caused visceral gout which leads to their death It was discovered when there were carcasses found and it caused a health problem. There were experiments and there was the highest mortality rate in the vultures that were fed the met that was most recently treated.
- 22What can positively impact the statistical power of a monitoring study*Low variation
*large effect size
*large sample size
*high acceptance of a false positive - 23Give three assumptions of the distance sampling method*Individuals on the line are 100% detectable
* Individuals do not move before detection
*Distances are measured accurately
* Individuals are only counted once - 24According to the theory of planned behavior, what factors predict behavioral intention?*Subjective norm
*Behaviour
*Attitude - 25How is the size of the breeding population of terns at Cemlyn Bay estimated? Name three important threats facing the tern colony?When the birds are nesting the eggs are counted and to reduce the chance of them being recounted a piece of pasta is dropped it marks them. Threats that threaten the tern colony is predation of eggs from the otter. Climate change can reduce the size of a breeding habitat. nThreat of a new nuclear power builing
- 26When would stratified random sampling be preferred over another random sampling?When you know there is more than one habitat type therefore if you choose the others the results may be bias and not precise.
- 27Explain how observer bias may influence a study, how can it be reduced?Observer bias may influence a study because their different observers may have different sight, hearing, notetaking and fitness abilities. To combat this person must be trained before data collection and have the same idea on ambiguous cases. Can uses the same observer in a study.
- 28How can precision be increased in a mark and recapture study?*Using larger sample sizes
* Repeating the results to see if they are close to the true value - 29Describe the randomised response technique and how its used in conservationA dice is used and 1,2,3,4 means they can give a truth full answer and 5 for yes and 6 for no. This method predicts the highest amount of illegal activity. It is used to gage how mcuh illegal
- 30What method of mark and recapture should you use for an open population?Jolly Seber
- 31List 5 functions of a conservation management plan1.) Good question
2.) Identify people of interest
3.)To find a strategy
4.) Develop ways of getting funding
5.)To make a difference - 32What is a systematic sampling strategy?It is where the area that needs to be sampled is split into a grid and each square of the grid is sampled. This reduces the chance of each sample being from one habitat type.
-Could overestimate habitat types - 33What is the random sampling strategy?Random point generator produces coordinates to sample
-may over/underestimate a sample location - 34Ways in which bias is created*Observer Bias
* When assumptions of statistical models are not met
*Can arise from differences in conditions - 35Why are Observational better than experimental?+They are more ethical
+They are cheaper
-They are not as accurate
-Hard to compare to others because there are too may variables - 36False positiveMistakenly believe there is a change when there is not (Type 1)
- 37False negativeMistakenly believe there is no change when there is (Type 2)
- 38Focal watchobserve a single individual continuously. note beginning and end time
- 395 techniques that biologists use to quantify biodiversityalpha
beta
gamma
index's
indicator species? - 40What is adaptive management?Process of decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system monitoring. Can be applied to any site of any size. Learning is an explicit objective.
- 41Intrinsic valueSomething that has value and be protected for itself and not because it's useful to others.
- 42BiocentricGives inherent value to all living things
- 43—
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Conservation Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Michelle Lewis am 14/05/2019.
- Erstellt von
- Michelle Lewis
- Aufrufe
- 1
- Bewertung