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Unit 1

corliss.carr Patho Exam 1 Saber 11º Englisch 55 Karten

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  1. 1Test is overExam 1 Units 1,2,3, 8 & 9.
  2. 2Physiologythe study of body function
  3. 3Pathophysiologythe study of the body’s response to dysfunction or disease
  4. 4Diseasethe interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure
  5. 5EtiologyCauses of disease are etiological factors, (biologic, physical forces, chemical agents, nutritional
  6. 6Pathogenesissequence of cellular/tissue events that take place from initial contact with etiological agent until disease expression
  7. 7Morphologystructure or form of cells, Morphologic changes: gross anatomic & microscopic changes characteristic of a disease
  8. 8Clinical manifestationsthe manifestations produced by a condition that make it evident that a person is sick, i.e. Fever (Structural and Functional changes are Signs: a manifestation noted by an observer, or a Symptoms: a subjective complaint made by ta person with a disorder
  9. 9DiagnosisTo designate the nature or cause of a health problem, a diagnostic process
  10. 10Clinical courseThe evolution of a disease
  11. 11Etiologic Factors of DiseaseBiologic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses)
    Physical forces (e.g., trauma, burns, radiation)
    Chemical agents (e.g., poisons, alcohol, nicotene)
    Nutritional excesses or deficits
  12. 12EpidemiologyThe study of disease occurrence in human populations
  13. 13Factors Derived Using Epidemiologic MethodsHow disease is spread
    How to control disease
    How to prevent disease
    How to eliminate disease
  14. 14Diagnosisdesignation of the nature or cause of a health problem
  15. 15Reliabilitythe extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same result
  16. 16Validitythe extent to which a measurement tool
    measures what it is intended to measure
  17. 17Sensitivitythe proportion of people with a disease who test positive on the test for that disease, “true positive” test, if a sensitive test is negative, means the disease has been excluded, or “ruled out”
  18. 18Specificityproportion of people without a disease who test negative on the test for that disease, “true negative
  19. 19Studies to Determine Risk FactorsCross-sectional studies use the simultaneous collection of information necessary for classification of exposure and outcome status
    Case-control studies compare case subjects to control subjects
    Cohort studies involve groups of people born at the time or who share some factor
  20. 20Disease casean existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness
  21. 21Incidencethe number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
  22. 22Prevalencea measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
  23. 23Morbiditydescribes the effects of an illness on a person’s life, the effects on human functioning
    Concerned with the incidence, persistence, and long-term consequences of disease
  24. 24Mortalitydeath producing characteristics of a disease; provides information about trends in the health of a population
  25. 25Three Levels of Disease PreventionPrimary Prevention (e.g., immunizations): removing risk factors so disease does not occur
    Secondary Prevention (e.g., Pap smears): detecting disease while it is still curable
    Tertiary Prevention (e.g., antibiotic use): preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease once it has been diagnosed
  26. 26The mechanism of high blood pressure is an example of Physiology Pathology PathophysiologyPathophysiology: Pathophysiology is the mechanistic study of disease.
  27. 27Which of the following best describes the term etiology? The study of disease progression The study of disease causes The study of disease in populations The study of disease resolutionThe study of disease causes: Etiology is the study of the causes of disease.
  28. 28Is the following statement true or false? Epidemiologists use a number of different factors to describe the stages of a disease.False: Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations.
  29. 29Embryonic (week 2 gestation-week9) & Fetal (week 9-birth) growth & development can be impacted by many factors like:nutrition (maternal/placental), genetics, chemicals (teratogens), maternal infections diseases (HTN)= Small for gestational age (SGA)OR (LGA) Large for gestational age (DM) Neonatal Hypoglycemia.
  30. 30Early Assessment is ____?KEY.
  31. 31Infancy: Health problems arise from:birth-18 months
    SGA & LGA, birth injuries (cranial, fractures
  32. 32Developmental:InfantsPremature birth,(many issues) immature reflexes (injuries)cardiac & respiratory sys.,, poor thermoregulation immature Gastrointestinal (GI): Jaundice, Colic, Immune, Urinary, & Nervous systems. Immature organ systems increase risk of infection/ health problems (Also: SIDS, MVA)
  33. 33Why do we suggest prompt & Early health assessment, communication & education with parents/caregivers?Because infants & children will become ill quickly
  34. 34Children: #1 Health issue is:injuries (muscle strength & coordination in early development/locomotion, poor judgment, MVA, drowning, burns…)
  35. 35Due to immature immune systems what is the #1 infection#1 respiratory infections, also GI & skin disorders) exposure (school)
    Chronic health problems: allergies, epilepsy, cancer, developmental & learning disabilities, *Obesity
  36. 36Adolescent:Few physical health problems, health promotion high importance, significant morbidity & mortality
  37. 37Causes of Death in AdolescentsInjury/ *MVA # 1 cause of death, homicide, suicide, substance abuse, emotional, magical thinking/ risky behavior, peer pressure, depression/emotional problems, poor communication/parents, risky sexual behaviors, teenage pregnancy, cancer: 4th L. cause of death
  38. 38Older AdultsMany changes in bodily function, physical appearance, cognition, social/family environments
    Aging and Disease are not synonymous, aging body can accomplish most, if not all functions
    Older adult (arbitrary) over 65 years, over 72 million by 2030
    Multiple losses (work, spouse, friends/family members, depression, chronic illness, loneliness, psychological distress, Poverty, disabilities
  39. 39Older Adult Specific Affects of AgingPhysical loss of function:
    skin dryness & color changes
    neuromuscular impairment (decreased neurons, cognitive & sensory motor impairment)
    loss of bone mass/height & muscle strength
    cardiovascular: systolic hypertension, stiff blood vessels, decreased HR with activity/exercise & decreased ejection fraction
    Diminished immune response & function
    Special senses: hearing/vision loss, decreased taste & smell
    Decreased kidney (renal) function
    GI
    Genitourinary: bladder structure & function changes, (Incontinence) decreased sex hormones/function
    Decreased respiratory function
  40. 40Types of Cell CommunicationGap junctions
    Autocrine signaling
    Paracrine signaling
    Endocrine signaling
    Synaptic signaling
  41. 41Cell ReceptorsActivation
    Types
    Cell surface
    G-Protein linked
    Enzyme –linked
    Ion-channel- linked
  42. 42Cellular EnergyMetabolism
    ATP and ADP
    Catabolism
    Anabolism
    Aerobic metabolism
    Citric acid cycle
    Electron transport chain
    Anaerobic metabolism
    Glycolysis
  43. 43The Cell CycleG0 – Nondividing cell
    G1 – Cell growth
    S – DNS replication
    G2 – Protein synthesis
    M – Mitosis (P,M,A,T)
  44. 44Mechanisms for Movement across Cell MembranesPassive mechanisms
    Diffusion
    Osmosis
    Active mechanisms
    Active transport
    Primary
    Secondary
    Cotransport (symport)
    Countertransport (antiport
  45. 45Mechanisms for Movement across Cell Membranes IIEndocytosis
    Phagocytosis
    Exocytosis
    Exocytosis
    Ion channels
    Leakage channels
    Gated channels
  46. 46Passive diffusionmolecules move randomly away from the area where they are most concentrated
  47. 47Facilitated diffusionmolecules diffuse across a membrane by passing through a protein
  48. 48Osmosisdiffusion of water molecules
  49. 49Membrane PotentialsDiffusion potentials
    Equilibrium potentials
    Resting membrane potentials
    Action Potentials
  50. 50Cells begin with a negative charge, this is called:resting membrane potential
  51. 51Stimulus causes:some Na+ channels to open
    Na+ diffuses in, making the cell more positive
  52. 52depolarizationAt threshold potential, more Na+ channels open
    Na+ rushes in, making the cell very positive: depolarization
  53. 53repolarization:K+ channels open
    K+ diffuses out, making the cell negative again: repolarization
    Na+/K+ ATPase removes the Na+ from the cell and pumps the K+ back in
  54. 54Types of TissuesEpithelial
    Connective
    Muscle
    Nervous
  55. 55Extracellular Tissue ComponentsExtracellular matrix
    Adhesion molecules

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Saber 11º Patho Exam 1 Karteikarten am Unit 1, erstellt von corliss.carr am 20/09/2013.
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