Karteikarten
Key word flashcards
Karten in diesem Stapel (291)
- 1HypothesisA statement that will be tested by experiment.
- 2Independent VariableThe condition that you change to test the hypothesis.
- 3Dependent variableThe observed or measured condition as a result of making a change to the IV
- 4Control VariablesAll of the conditions which must remain the same throughout the experiment to ensure a fair and reliable test.
- 5ReproducibilityCan the results be reproduced by different people using the same conditions?
- 6ResolutionThe smallest possible measurement taken on an instrument.
- 7ConclusionStatement of the results, and how it relates to the hypothesis.
- 8Economic issuesMoney, jobs, wealth
- 9Social issuesEffects on people's everyday lives or wellbeing
- 10Environmental issuesPollution to land, air, water, noise. Impact on living things in the area.
- 11Ethical issuesIs it right or wrong, morally, religious beliefs, guilt, well-being, long-term affects.
- 12RepeatabilityIf you do the experiment again will you get the same results?
- 13Systematic errorAn error that occurs every single time.
- 14Zero errorWhen an instrument should be reading zero but isn't
- 15Human errorMistakes made by people, like judging a colour change, or reading a thermometer wrong.
- 16HazardA thing that could potentially cause harm
- 17RiskAn action or procedure that could potentially cause harm.
- 18AccurateResults are close to the true answer (theoretical answer)
- 19PreciseResults are close to each other
- 20RangeThe biggest value to the smallest value of your IV or DV.
- 21Suitable rangeBig enough to show a trend or pattern, without being so big it becomes dangerous.
- 22IntervalA period of change, e,g, 5ml-10ml has an interval of 5ml, 3sec-10sec has an interval of 7sec.
- 23Scatter graphUsed to present continuous data usually with a line/curve or best fit.
- 24Bar/Column graphUsed to represent categorical data e.g. colours, frequency.
- 25TableWhat you record your raw data in
- 26EvaluationDiscussing the successes or failures of an experiment.
- 27EnergyOne of 9 types of energy, cannot be created or destroyed, all living things need it, you cannot touch it (intangible).
- 28CarbohydratesFood molecules containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen chains. Found in starchy foods like potatoes and bread.
- 29ProteinsFood molecule used for building and repairing cells. Found in meats and some nuts.
- 30FatsFood molecule containing energy, helps to insulate the body and protect organs. Found in foods like dairy, meat, oily fish.
- 31FibreFood molecule used to keep the digestive system running smoothly. Found in fruits, vegetables and grains.
- 32VitaminsEssential food molecules that help cells and processes to function properly.
- 33MineralsEssential chemical elements that help to make sure your cells and processes are functioning properly.
- 34Metabolism/Metabolic rateYour ability to digest food. High MR= quicker digestion. Genetic and exercise/diet related.
- 35MuscleMuscle cells require large amounts of energy, they group together to form muscle tissue, essential for movement.
- 36MalnutritionHaving a diet that is too high or too low in specific areas.
- 37Balanced dietA diet that contains a little bit of everything in the right proportions.
- 38DietThe foods that you eat
- 39ExerciseAction that increases heart rate and fitness.
- 40ObesityA weight problem where the sufferer is over a healthy weight for their height.
- 41ArthritisJoint swelling, can be caused by age, genetics, or weight.
- 42DiabetesA condition where the body does not produce the right amount of insulin.
- 43Heart dieseaseA range of conditions affecting the health of the heart often caused by poor diet and lifestyle.
- 44HypertensionHigh blood pressure. Can be caused by increased cholesterol.
- 45VirusesA very small pathogen that makes us ill. Invades your cells and copies itself until the cell bursts releasing the virus into the body.
- 46AntibodiesA chemical released by white blood cells to kill invading pathogens. Each pathogen needs a different antibody.
- 47AntigensMolecules on the surface of a cell, like a fingerprint. If a pathogen enters the body the antigens can be used to identify them to the immune system.
- 48Infectious diseaseA disease that can be caught and can spread easily.
- 49MicroorganismA small living thing e.g. bacteria, yeast, mould, fungi, parasite.
- 50ToxinsA poison produced by bacteria cells.
- 51Anti-toxinA chemical produced by white blood cells, that neutralises toxins.
- 52epedemicsbig outbreak of an infectious diesease.
- 53painkillersdrugs that relive pain.
- 54antibioticsThey kill and prevent growth of bacteria.
- 55stimulusa change in your enviroment.
- 56ReceptorsGroups of cells which are sensitive to stimuli
- 57ReflexesAutomatic responses to certain stimuli
- 58SynapseThe gap between two neurons that connects them via chemicals allowing messages to be passed on.
- 59Reflex ArcThe path that the information takes during a reflex action. e.g. eyes->spinal column->muscles
- 60HormonesChemicals sent in the blood to transfer messages. e.g. oestrogen produced in the ovaries tells the pituitary gland to stop producing FSH.
- 61Pituitary GlandA part of the brain that produces hormones such as FSH.
- 62OvariesPart of the female reproductive system. This is where the egg cells are held before maturation and release. Also produces Oestrogen.
- 63PancreasAn organ in the digestive system, produces insulin and controls the blood sugar levels.
- 64Respiratory tractBreathing pipework, e.g. oesophagus
- 65MRSAmethicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
very dangerous bacteria which is resistant to most antibiotics e.g. penicillin. - 66immunisationInjecting a dead or inactive micro-organism into a living thing to protect against infections.
- 67MMR vaccineA vaccine is a small amount of dead or inactive mirco-organisms injected into a person to protect them against an infection. MMR protects against measles, mumps and rubella.
- 68booster injectionsa follow up of a vaccine
- 69bacterial infectionA disease caused by a bacteria. Can be treated by using antibiotics.
- 70Inoculation loopPiece of sterile wire used to spread pathogen samples onto agar plates for culturing.
- 71Monosodium Glutamate(MSG) Chemical often found in foods that can increase cravings for that food.
- 72PandemicAn outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads to other countries as well, e.g. the plague.
- 73AtomSimplest particle of a substance.
- 74ElementSimplest substance. Cannot be broken down into anything similar. Made up of the same type of atoms.
- 75CompoundSubstances made up of more than one type of atom, chemically bonded together.
- 76MoleculeMore than one atom chemically bonded together. Can be made of the same type of atom or different types of atoms.
- 77ProtonSubatomic particle found in the nucleus. Has a positive charge and a mass of 1 (relative atomic mass unit)
- 78NeutronSubatomic particle found in the nucleus. Has no charge and a mass of 1 (RAMU).
- 79ElectronSubatomic particle found around the nucleus. Has a negative charge and mass of almost 0 (RAMU)
- 80SolidState of matter. The substance is below the melting point. The particles have a low amount of energy and are arranged in neat rows.
- 81LiquidState of matter. The substance is above the melting point but below the boiling point. The particles are close together but flow easily.
- 82GasState of matter. The substance is above the boiling point. The particles are free to move around the space.
- 83SolutionA chemical state. A solid dissolved in a solvent, usually water (appears like a liquid).
- 84PlasmaA state of matter found in the Sun. The subatomic particles are not held together and are free to move around. This makes fusion possible. Elements do not exist in a plasma state.
- 85AcidA chemical (usually a solution) with an excess of H+ ions. Can be corrosive or harmful. e.g. HNO3, H2SO4, HCl
- 86Activation Energy (E A)The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction off.
- 87AlkaliA base in solution. has an excess of OH- ions. Can be corrosive and harmful. e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)2
- 88Alkali metalMetals in group 1 e.g. Li, Na, K. They are very reactive, reactivity increases down the group. They produce strong alkaline solutions when reacted with water.
- 89AlkaneOne of the homologous series of hydrocarbons. Alkanes contain only carbon and hydrogen and are fully saturated. One of the products of distilling crude oil.
- 90AlkeneOne of the homologous series of hydrocarbons. Alkenes contain only hydrogen and carbon and are not fully saturated (have a C=C bond somewhere. Used to make plastics, one of the products of cracking.
- 91AlloyA mixture of metals (can also include carbon), e.g. brass, bronze, steel
- 92AnhydrousA word used to describe a chemical substance that has no moisture in the structure.
- 93Anomalous resultA result that does not fit the trend of the rest of the results. Should be re-tested. Can be left out of any calculations or conclusions.
- 94AqueousA solution. Shown with the symbol (aq) after the formula.
- 95AtmosphereThe layers of gases that surround the Earth. Allowing life to exist, keeping radiation out, regulating the Earth's temperature.
- 96Atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
- 97Bar chartA way of presenting categorical data e.g. colours.
- 98BaseA substance that will neutralise an acid. Usually dissolved in solution forming an alkali.
- 99BiodegradableCan be broken down by natural processes (micro-organisms)
- 100BiodieselA diesel type fuel made from animal or plant products rather than crude oil.
- 101BiofuelA fuel made from animal or plant products.
- 102BioleachingA way of extracting metals from low grade resources by using bacteria.
- 103Blast furnaceA large hot container where reactions take place, e.g. extraction of iron from iron oxide (ore).
- 104Bond energyThe amount of energy needed to break a specific type of bond.
- 105BrineSalt water (NaCl+H2O)
- 106BuretteA type of equipment used to measure precise volumes of liquids into a conical flask.
- 107CatalystA chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction with undergoing any permanent chemical change.
- 108Catalytic ConverterPart of a vehicle exhaust system that uses platinum to catalyse the removal of NO2 and CO from the exhaust gases.
- 109ChromatographyA method of separating substances using a solvent. Often used to test colourants.
- 110Collision theoryA way of explaining chemical reactions referencing the particles movement. If two particles collide with enough energy they will react.
- 111CompoundTwo or more different types of atom, chemically bonded to each other.
- 112Control GroupUsed in testing to provide an unaffected set of results for comparison.
- 113Convection currentsEnergy transfer in fluids. Warm, less dense particles rise away from the heat source. As they cool they get denser and fall again. This creates a circular motion of particles.
- 114Rich OreAn ore (rock) that contains a high percentage of the desired metal.
- 115CoreThe centre of the Earth
- 116Covalent bondWhen two non metals bond by sharing pairs of electrons to gain a full outer shell.
- 117CrackingA way of gaining small chain hydrocarbons from long chain hydrocarbons. One product will always be an Alkene.
- 118CrustThe outer layer of the Earth (the bit we walk on).
- 119DataA set of measures or results collected from a test. Can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (values).
- 120Delocalised electronAn electron that is not attached to a specific atom. It is free to move around the substance.
- 121Directly proportionalA positive correlation with a specific relationship, i.e. when x doubles, y doubles. Directly proportional trends pass through 0,0
- 122Displacement reactionWhere a more reactive element takes the place of another e.g. Copper Oxide + Potassium --> Copper + Potassium Oxide
- 123DistillationEvaporation, vapour is collected and condensed. It can be used as a way of purifying a solution, e.g. salt water into drinkable water.
- 124Dot and Cross diagramA way of showing the bonding patterns of electrons.
- 125Double bondA covalent bond where two pairs of electrons are shared rather than just one.
- 126E numbersFood additives that have been approved for consumption in Europe. They can be used to improve appearance, flavour, longevity or smell.
- 127ElectrolysisA method of breaking down an ionic substance using electricity.
- 128ElectrolyteThe solution used in electrolysis. The solution (or liquid) must contain free moving ions.
- 129ElectronA subatomic particle with a mass of almost zero and a charge of -1. The electrons move around outside the nucleus, the furthest ones out have the highest energy level.
- 130Electronic structure (aka electron arrangement)The way the electrons are positioned around the nucleus. Can be represented by stating the numbers on each level e.g. Neon would be 2,8,8
- 131ElectroplatingUsing electrolysis to coat the outside of an item with another metal. Often used in jewellery to increase the durability of the metal.
- 132ElementThe simplest chemical substance. Made up of only one type of atom. All elements can be found on the periodic table.
- 133Empirical formulaThe simplest ratio of elements in a compound (not always the same as the actual molecular formula)
- 134EmulsifierA substance which binds two immiscible substances together to form an emulsion, e.g. oil and water can be bound together with small amounts of washing up liquid.
- 135EmulsionA mixture of two substances that do not normally mix. Requires another chemical as an emulsifier.
- 136EndothermicA type of energy transfer in a chemical reaction. Energy is required by the reaction so is absorbed from the surroundings. This will make the reaction feel cold as heat energy is absorbed from your skin.
- 137End pointWhen all of the reactants have been used up the reaction has reached the end point.
- 138Energy levelThe shells around a nucleus that contain electrons.
- 139EquilibriumThe balance point of a reversible reaction where the forward reaction happens at the same rate as the backward reaction.
- 140ErrorAn uncertainty in a test. Could be caused by a piece of equipment not being calibrated properly.
- 141Human errorAn error that occurs because of the person doing the test, e.g. colour judgement, or reaction times.
- 142Systematic errorAn error that occurs every single time.
- 143Random errorErrors that have no pattern, cause the data set to spread out around the trend. It can be minimised by taking more readings and calculating a mean.
- 144Zero errorAn error caused by a piece of equipment not reading an exact zero at the beginning.
- 145EvidenceValid data that can be used to prove a hypothesis.
- 146ExothermicAn energy transfer in a reaction. Excess energy is produced by the reaction and is released into the surroundings as heat. The reaction would feel hot to the touch.
- 147Fair testA test where all possible variables have been controlled except for the test condition (Independent variable).
- 148FermentationWhen sugars go through anaerobic respiration to produce ethanol. The process can be sped up using yeast.
- 149FlammableSubstances that are easily ignited are described as flammable.
- 150Food additiveA chemical that is added to food to make it taste better, last longer, look more appealing or smell better.
- 151FractionA group of hydrocarbons with similar condensation points.
- 152Fractional distillationA way of separating hydrocarbons into groups based on their evaporation/condensation point. Petrol is a fraction.
- 153FullereneCarbon molecules made up of hexagonal rings of carbon. Can form large 3D molecules like cages.
- 154Functional groupThe part of a molecule that defines what homologous series it fits into and how it will react, e.g. an OH group makes an alcohol.
- 155GasA state of matter with a low density. Particles are free to move around. Shown by a (g) after the chemical formula.
- 156Gas chromatographyA method of separating mixtures into each constituent part, e.g. air can be separated into nitrogen, oxygen, argon etc.
- 157Giant covalent structure3D molecules made up of a large number of atoms bonded together, e.g. diamond.
- 158Giant latticeA 3D network of atoms or ions held together in a lattice structure e.g. sodium chloride.
- 159Global dimmingEnvironmental pollution caused by solid particulates blocking out the sun.
- 160Global warmingA type of climate change where an increase in greenhouse gases causes an increase in the average global temperature.
- 161GroupThe columns in the periodic table represent groups of elements. They have similar reactive properties because of their similar electron arrangements.
- 162Half equationAn equation that is only concerned with one element and the relative movement of electrons.
- 163HardeningThe process of saturating vegetable oils by adding hydrogen.
- 164Hard waterWater that contains higher quantities of dissolved calcium and/or magnesium deposits.
- 165High-alloy steelIron mixed with high proportions of other metals. Relatively expensive e.g. stainless steel.
- 166Homologous seriesGroups of compounds with the same functional groups that react in similar ways.
- 167HydratedHas had water added.
- 168HydrationA reaction that adds water to a compound.
- 169HydrocarbonA compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.
- 170Hydrogenated oilAn unsaturated oil that has had hydrogen added to it to saturate it.
- 171HydrophilicA substance which is attracted to water molecules.
- 172HydrophobicA molecule that is water repellent.
- 173HypothesisAn idea that can be tested by experiment.
- 174Incomplete combustionWhen a fuel is burnt with insufficient oxygen.
- 175InertUnreactive. The Noble gases (group 8/0) are inert elements.
- 176Intermolecular forcesForces of attraction between molecules. Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds but can be strong enough to create a solid e.g. Iodine (I2)
- 177IonA charged particle. Atoms become ions when the number of electrons is different to the number of protons.
- 178Ion-exchange columnA piece of equipment that can be used to soften hard water by replacing the Ca and Mg ions with Na or H ions.
- 179Ionic bondA strong force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
- 180IsotopeElements that have the same proton number but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of each other.
- 181Line graphUsed to represent continuous data. Points are plotted and a trend is shown using a line/curve of best fit.
- 182LiquidA state of matter. Particles are not in a rigid structure and are free to move but stay in contact. Represented with the symbol (l) after the formula.
- 183Low-alloy steelIron mixed with small amounts of other materials.
- 184MacromoleculeAnother name for a giant covalent structure.
- 185MantleThe majority of the internal structure of the Earth, beneath the crust. Made of solid rock but behaves like a fluid due to the heat and radiation from the core causing convection currents in the particles.
- 186Mass numberThe relative atomic mass of an atom is the total mass of the protons plus the neutrons.
- 187Mass spectrometerA piece of equipment. It analyses a substance to find out the mass of the molecules.
- 188MeanAnother word for average. Calculating the mean can help to minimise any errors in measurements.
- 189MixtureMore than one chemical substance in the same place, but without any chemical bonds to each other e.g. sand and soil.
- 190MoleA specific number of particles of a substance. One mole of particles will turn the relative mass into an actual mass in grams. i.e. Carbon has an Ar of 12, 1 mole of carbon weighs 12g
- 191Molecular formulaA short way of representing a chemical using the chemical symbols from the periodic table along with showing the numbers of each element as well.
- 192Molecular ion peakThe peak on a Mass Spec that represents the total mass of the original molecule.
- 193MoleculeMore than one atom chemically joined to each other. Can be made of different atoms or the same type of atom e.g. O2
- 194MonomerA single molecule that can be joined to other molecules to create a polymer.
- 195NanoscienceThe study of very small particles. Nanoparticles measure between 1-100nm. 1nm is 0.000000001m
- 196NeutralA solution with equal amounts of H+ and OH- would be neutral. It would have a pH of 7. Pure water is neutral.
- 197NeutralisationA type of reaction. An alkali has a pH of over 7, adding an acid will bring the pH back towards 7. When it reaches 7 it has been neutralised.
- 198NeutronA subatomic particle found in the nucleus. Is has a mass of 1 and no overall charge.
- 199Non-renewableA fuel that is limited, we cannot make more of it. Coal is non-renewable, once it has been used up it is all gone.
- 200Atomic nucleusThe centre of an atom where the protons and neutrons can be found.
- 201OreA rock that has a high enough percentage of a specific mineral to make it economical to extract.
- 202OxidationWhen an atom (or ion) loses an electron in a reaction is has been oxidised. Can also mean when oxygen has been added to a substance.
- 203ParticulateA solid pollutant. Particles of soot are given of when fossil fuels burn without enough oxygen.
- 204Percentage yieldA way of measuring the efficiency of a reaction as a percentage of the total possible product made.
- 205Periodic tableA reference diagram showing all of the known elements in order of their proton number. Provides information such as, mass, group, period, and chemical symbol.
- 206Permanent hard waterHard water contains calcium and/or magnesium ions. Permanent hard water means that these salts cannot just be boiled out.
- 207pH scaleA measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.
- 208PhytominingUsing plants to extract minerals from low grade resources, e.g. copper can be extracted from soil by growing specific plants then harvesting, burning and electrolysing the ashes.
- 209PipetteA piece of equipment used to measure small amounts of liquids. A volumetric pipette is a glass tube that measures a specific volume. A dropping pipette is a plastic tube used to measure out liquids drop by drop.
- 210PolymerA substance made up of many molecules joined together. Alkenes join together to form plastic polymers.
- 211PolymerisationThe reaction that produces polymers.
- 212PrecipitateA solid formed from combining two liquids.
- 213PredictionSuggesting what the outcome of an experiment will be, based on the available data and scientific knowledge/theories.
- 214ProductThe substances formed in a chemical reaction.
- 215ProtonA subatomic particle found in the nucleus. It has a mass of 1 and an overall charge of +1.
- 216RangeThe lowest to the highest measurement taken or used.
- 217ReactantThe chemicals that you put into a reaction.
- 218Reactivity seriesA list of reactive metals in order from most reactive (potassium) to least reactive (platinum). NOTE does not include all elements, can also include non metals for reference.
- 219ReductionWhen an atom/ion gains an electron it has been reduced.
- 220RelationshipWhen two variables affect each other, they have a relationship. e.g. if you change one the other will change as a result.
- 221Relative atomic massThe mass of an atom as given on the periodic table.
- 222Relative formula mass (aka relative molecular mass)The mass of a molecule calculated by adding the relative atomic masses of each constituent atom.
- 223RepeatableIf an experiment is done another time, similar results will be recorded.
- 224ReproducibleIf someone else performs a similar experiment they will see similar results (e.g. using a different acid)
- 225RespirationThe chemical process that releases energy from sugar using oxygen. The energy is used by all living cells. Carbon dioxide is produced.
- 226ResolutionThe lowest measurable quantity on a piece of equipment, e.g. most rulers can measure 1mm so the resolution is 1mm.
- 227Retention timeThe amount of time a substance takes to get though a Gas Chromatograph.
- 228Reversible reactionA reaction which can be reversed, e.g. heating CuSO4.5H2O will remove the water, this requires energy. Adding the water back in creates CuSO4.5H2O again and gives off energy.
- 229SaltAn ionic substance made from a metal and a non metal, e.g. Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Usually made by adding metal to acid, the metal replaces the hydrogen in the acid.
- 230LimescaleThe calcium deposits left behind when hard water is boiled.
- 231ScumThe deposits left behind when the metal ions in hard water react with soap.
- 232Shape memory alloyA metal alloy made into a specific shape. It can be twisted, bent and stretched but will return to it's original shape under certain conditions like temperature increase or electrical current.
- 233ShellEnergy levels around the nucleus of an atom, where electrons occupy.
- 234Smart polymerA plastic that changes shape in response to a change in environment e.g. temperature increase, exposure to UV light.
- 235SmeltingA method of extracting metals from ores by heating. Also called roasting.
- 236Soft waterWater that does not contain high levels of calcium/magnesium ions.
- 237SolidA state of matter. Particles are arranged in rigid regular structures and do not move freely. Represented with an (s) after the chemical formula.
- 238Stainless steelIron alloy containing chromium and nickel. Does not rust or react. Used for cutlery, building supplies, and low cost jewellery like earrings where corrosion or skin reaction could be an issue.
- 239State symbol(s) (l) (g) (aq) used to show the physical state of a substance in a chemical formula.
- 240SteelA range of iron based alloys.
- 241Symbol equationA way of writing a chemical reaction using the chemical symbols from the periodic table rather than the name of the substance (so water would say H2O instead)
- 242Tectonic platesThe separate parts of the Earth's crust. They float on the mantle and slowly move due to the convection currents.
- 243Temporary hard waterWater that contains a high level of calcium/magnesium ions which can be softened by boiling the water.
- 244Thermal decompositionBreaking down a substance using heat.
- 245Thermosetting polymerA plastic that once heated and shaped will set and not soften again. Crosslinks form across the polymer chains holding them in shape. Heating a thermosetting polymer again causes charring instead of softening.
- 246Thermosoftening polymerA polymer that will soften every time it is heated. This means that it can be reshaped while hot and will go rigid in the new shape when cooled.
- 247TitrationA method of measuring accurate volumes of liquids needed for a reaction.
- 248Transition elementAn element found in the central block of the periodic table. Transition elements are mainly metals and have multiple oxidation states.
- 249Trial runA run through of an experiment to make sure it works. Can also be used to get a rough set of data.
- 250Universal indicatorA solution that changes colour depending on the pH of the substance it has been added to. Goes red in acids and purple in alkalis.
- 251Saturated hydrocarbonsMolecules containing only carbon and hydrogen where all bonds are fulfilled i.e. no double bonds
- 252Unsaturated hydrocarbonsMolecules containing only carbon and hydrogen where not all of the bonds are fulfilled i.e. contains C=C double bond.
- 253Unsaturated oilAn oil that contains molecules with C=C double bonds. Usually plant oils.
- 254ValidThe procedure will test the hypothesis given i.e. control variables are accounted for.
- 255VariableOne of the possible changes that could be made during an experiment, e.g. temperature, concentration, time, chemical etc.
- 256Categoric variableA variable that does not have continuous data e,g, groups of ages, colours, pets
- 257Continuous variableA variable that can be measured on a continuous scale e.g. time, temperature, length, speed
- 258Control variableThings that could change and affect an experiment. They must be kept the same to ensure a valid and fair test, e.g. always use the same volume of acid and the same temperature.
- 259Independent variableThe test variable. This is the factor that you will change to test your hypothesis, e.g. concentration
- 260Dependent variableThe result. This is the thing you will measure to see the effect that the IV had, e.g. time taken.
- 261Vegetable oilThe oils extracted from plants, e.g. sunflower, olive, peanut.
- 262ViscosityHow "gloopy" a substance is. Water is not very viscous. Syrup is highly viscous.
- 263Word equationA way of representing a reaction by writing the names of the chemicals involved.
- 264YieldThe amount of product made from a reaction.
- 265AbdomenThe lower region of the body, contains the digestive organs.
- 266Acid RainRain that has a low pH due to pollution usually sulphuric or nitric acid.
- 267Active siteThe area on an enzyme where the molecule bonds to be broken down.
- 268Active transportThe movement of substances across a membrane against the concentration gradient. Requires energy.
- 269AdaptationSpecial feature of a life form to help it survive in it's environment.
- 270Adult cell cloningWhen the nucleus from an adult cell of one animal it put into the empty egg cell of another animal. The embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a third animal to develop.
- 271Aerobic respiration.Breaking down food using oxygen to produce energy and carbon dioxide.
- 272AgarThe jelly used to grow cultures in petri dishes. Contains nutrients for samples to live off.
- 273Algal cellsCells of algae. Not technically plants but can photosynthesise.
- 274AlleleA variation of one single gene.
- 275AlveoliTiny air sacs in the lungs, they increase the surface area to maximise the amount of oxygen intake.
- 276Amino acidsBuilding blocks of proteins.
- 277AmylaseA type of enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates e.g. bread. Produced in the pancreas and the salivary glands.
- 278Anaerobic respirationBreaking down food with no/insufficient oxygen. Releases energy but can cause production of ethanol (yeast), or lactic acid (muscles).
- 279AntibioticA drug that destroys bacteria without destroying human cells.
- 280AntigenThe unique protein on the surface of every cell allows it to be recognised by the immune system.
- 281AortaThe main artery coming out of the heart carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle.
- 282ArteryBlood vessel carrying blood away from the heart, carries oxygenated blood, has a pulse.
- 283Asexual reproductionA type of reproduction that only needs one individual. The offspring carry the exact DNA of the parent. No gametes are involved.
- 284AtriaThe upper chambers of the heart (smaller than the bottom chambers). The right receives blood from the body and the left receives blood from the lungs.
- 285AuxinA plant hormone that encourages or inhibits growth. Reacts to light, water, gravity etc.
- 286BacteriaSingle cell organism. Can reproduce rapidly. Some cause disease, some exist naturally in the body and are helpful.
- 287Bacterial colonyPopulations of bacteria growth when cultured.
- 288Bi-concave discThe shape of the red blood cell, concave on the top and bottom so the cell is thicker round the edges and thinner in the middle.
- 289BileDigestive juice produced in the liver, yellowy green colour, stored in the gall bladder. Emulsifies fats in the small intestines.
- 290BiodiversityThe number and variety of different organisms found in a specified area.
- 291Biological detergentWashing soap that contains enzymes to help the break down of dirt molecules.
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- Beschreibung
- Flashcard set for core and additional sciences.
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- I M Wilson
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