Karteikarten
Lesson 2
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1Isotopesatoms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass number (differ in number of neutrons)
chemically similar - 2Ionic BondsCations and Anions
- 3Covalent BondsStrongest Bond; single, double, and triple bonds
H2, O2, N2 - 4Hydrogen Bondsformed by electrical attraction between H atoms carrying a slight positive charge and another atom carrying a slight negative charge.
Weak bonds.
Maintain the shape of large molecules (proteins, DNA) - 5Endergonic Reactionsrequire energy, anabolic
absorbs energy (if the energy is heat energy, the reaction is called endothermic)
A + energy--> B + C - 6Exergonic ReactionsRelease Energy, Catabolic
looses energy as heat, light or sound (if energy is heat energy, the reaction is called exothermic)
A + B --> C + energy - 7Rate of Reactions: Temperaturehigher temperature means a greater velocity of particles means more collisions means greater rate of reaction (greater amount of product generated per unit of time)
- 8Rate of Reactions: Concentrationgreater particles means greater number of particles means more collisions means greater rate of reaction (greater amount of product generated per unit of time)
- 9Rate of Reaction: Surface Energygreater number of particles means more collisions means greater rate of reaction (greater amount of product generated per unit of time)
- 10Rate of Reactions: Catalystsubstance that increases the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy without itself being changed chemically in the reaction
the catalysts in the body are called enzymes - 11Chemical Equilibrium: Changes in energy (heat)increase in temp-->increased rate of energy requiring reaction (reverse, endothermic)
decrease in temp-->increased rate of energy releasing reaction (forward, exothermic) - 12Mixtures: Solutionsmixture of a solute (soluble material) into a solvent (dissolving medium); small solute particles; pass through cell membranes; clear, transparent; do not settle
- 13Mixtures: Colloidslarger than solution particles (size dispersed in water); mixtures with particles too large to be a true solution, but small enough not to settle; particles too large to pass through cell membranes; cloudy, milky, translucent
- 14Mixtures: Suspensionshave larger solute particles that will settle when gravity becomes effective force (not stable transparent); particles are too large to pass through a cell membrane; opaque appearance;
i.e. clay or sand in water, blood cells in plasma - 15Saturatedsolution containing max amount of solute for a given solvent at a constant temp and pressure; incapable of dissolving more solute (completely filled with solute)
- 16Unsaturatedsolution to which more solute can be added; contain less solute than the saturated one at constant temp and pressure (can dissolve more solute)
- 17pH in Body CompartmentsBlood= 7.35 to 7.45
Stomach= 2 (1.5 to 3.5)
pancreatic juice= 8
intestinal juice= 7.5
urine= 6 (4.5 to 8) - 18Physiological BuffeerResits changes in pH (convert strong acids or bases to weak ones)
System that controls output of acids, bases or CO2
ex: urinary system buffers greatest quantity, takes several hours; respiratory system buffers within minutes, limited quantity - 19Chemical Buffer SystemsResits changes in pH (convert strong acids or bases to weak ones)
Restore normal pH in fractions of a second
ex: bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems bind H+ and transport H+ to an exit (kidney/lung) - 20Acidosis (Acidemia)drop in blood plasma pH below 7.35; causes a depress in the CNS causes coma causes death
Causes: respiratory (CO2 accumulates in blood-hypo-ventilation, pneumonia, asthma) or metabolic (strenuous work, low fat diets, starvation) - 21Alkalosis (Alkalemia)rise in plasma pH above 7.45 (to 7.8)
overexcites CNS; may lead to muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, convulsions, respiratory arrest
causes: hyperventilation, temper tantrums, asthma, anxiety, high altitude, excessive vomiting, laxatives