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Sustainable development stuff to know

Alexander Rehn Englisch 100 Karten

Sustainable development stuff to know

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  1. 1Problems with current situation according to friedmanValues breakdown: from sustainable to situational
    Acoounting principles: under-priced risk, privatized gains, socialized losses.
  2. 25 points that will determine the stability of coming years according to FriedmanPetrodictatorships
    Climate change
    Energy poverty
    Energy and natural resources supply and demand
    Biodiversity loss
  3. 3PRoblems with the deductive-nomological model1 correct prediction can be made with false theory
    2 Hypotheses that are made without knowledge
    3 a lot of science is not deductive but inductive.
  4. 4Why trust scientistscollective authority, experience
  5. 5Problems with cap and trade1 Free permits - most permits are free.
    2 Offsetting - hard to guarantee that real carbon is removed
    3 Distraction - creates a system that distracts from the goal.
  6. 6Smart gridA smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analog[1] or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information - such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers - in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.
  7. 7Natural Capital AccountingCapture info about natural assets that are currently missing from national accounts.
  8. 8Water supplypeak water supply: our demand has reached the limit of peak water supply. Need to rethink supply but especially demand!
  9. 9Environmental folkloreOur perception about environmental impact based on experiences, friends, etc... but no scientific basis.
  10. 10Biodegradabilitymaterial property NOT a measure of environmental benefit!
  11. 11Elon musk secretAbility to look at information and look at it from systemic perspective and identify solutions to problems
  12. 12Somatic and exosomatic energy regimeenergy limited or not by human power.
  13. 13Regional air pollutionruhr, sulfuric triangle, japan and the environmental miracle in the hanshin region.
  14. 14sulfuric triangleDresden, prague and krakow sit on seams of brown coal, high in sulfur and ash
  15. 15River water pollutionGanges - biological pollution
    The rhine - chemical pollution
    Watarase river - chemical pollution + acid rain.
  16. 16EutrophicationToo much of nitrogen and phosphorus that are fertilizers. Create algae that consume oxygen.
  17. 17How did whaling pickup again?development of the harpoon cannon which fired explosive grenades in whales.
  18. 18Biological invasionIntroduction of new species that disrupt the natural balances of the local ecosystem. Examples: european rabbit
  19. 19Extinction ratesBefore 1-3 extinctions per year, now rapid increase due to human activities.
  20. 202 clusters related to energy, technology and economy1) cocketown cluster mid 19th - urban air pollution
    2) Motown cluster 1940-1990 - global pollution
  21. 21Potential new clusterengineering genes and bytes
  22. 22Link between nationalism and environmentnationalism justified heavy polluting in many cases.
  23. 232 phases in environmental policies and politics of the 20th century1) mid 1960s- late 1970s: mvmnts sprang up in rich countries
    2) mid 1980 - poorer countries establish environmental protection agencies + international cooperation
  24. 24anthropoceneInformal geologic epoch characterized by significant human impact on global ecosystems.
  25. 25silver buckshotIt's a catchy way of summing up the need for a portfolio or "wedges" approach to solve energy/climate challenges.
  26. 26CDMClean development Mechanism: allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.
  27. 27Cap and TradeEmissions trading or cap and trade ("cap" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants
  28. 28Natural capitalNatural capital is the stock of natural resources (finite or renewable) and ecosystems that provide direct or indirect benefits to the economy, our society, and the world around us.
  29. 29Why price natural capitalno price, no management
  30. 30TEVUse value: direct, indirect, option
    +
    Non-use value: Existence, altruistic, Bequest
  31. 31Valuation methodsValuation methods
  32. 32SealaskaIndustrial logging was seen as unsustainable, native corporations started to change this. Sealaska sustainability strategy, 4 pillars:
    1 country or land-sea assets
    2 ancestral heritage and destiny
    3 human development
    4 balance of humans in nature and society
  33. 33Triple bottom line to assess sustainability of biomass energy in alaska:economic: operational savings from 3 $ per gallon upwards
    environmental: emission factor values used for emissions
    social: jobs.
  34. 34Who popularizes the term sustainable developmentGro Harlem Bruntland in her book OUR COMMON FUTURE in 1987
  35. 357th EAPEnvironment action program to 2020: LT predictable policy framework to stimulate sustainable development.
  36. 36Rachel CarsonPublished a book silent spring in 1962. Effect of pesticides on birds
  37. 37EREPEuropean Resource Efficiency Platform. aim to secure at least a doubling of resource productivity compared with precrisis trend, equivalent to an increase of 30% by 2030
  38. 38+ and - with sustainable development+ Acceptance, focal point, orchestration of the sciences
    - Oxymoron, fuzzy concept, legitimization of pollution.
  39. 39Three pillars approacheconomic social and environmental
  40. 40IPATImpact = Population x Afflunce x technology
  41. 41living in urban areasover 50%
  42. 42Curve for CO2 concentrationKeeling curve
  43. 43% of protected land surface13%
  44. 44PEtrodictatorships: Impediments to democracyTaxation effect
    Spending effect
    Group formation effect
    Repression effect
    Anti-modernization effect
  45. 45Why are we in trouble according to friedman?Values breakdown: from sustainable to situational, both in market and mother nature.
  46. 46How did we get financial crisis and environmental crisis according to friedman?Bad accounting rules
    Underpricing of risk
    PRivatizing gains and socializing losses
  47. 47What to do according to friedman?No lecturing others
    Redefine middle class lifestyle
    Eliminate concept of waste : stop downcycling, make everything reusable or biodegradable
  48. 48ENergy solution according to friedmanCheap, abundant, clean electrons the solution: solves 5 issues
    1 growing demand for scarcer resources
    2 petrodictators getting richer
    3 Disruptive climate change
    4 Energy proverty
    5 Biodiversity loss.
    He sees energy as geostatrategic, geoeconomic, capitalistic and patriotic
  49. 49How have IPCC reports changed through times?Climate change more and more likely to be because of human activity
  50. 50Energy poverty1/5 no electricity
  51. 51# species extinct1 every 20 min, 1000x faster than the norm.
  52. 52Sources of emissions35% energy sector
    24% Agriculture, forests
    21% Industry
    14% transport
  53. 53Projected climate changesOceans warm
    MEan sea level will rise
    Arctic sea ice will shrink
    Global glacier volume will decrease.
  54. 54Potential Impacts of climate changeFood and water shortages
    Displacement of people
    INcreased poverty
    Coastal flooding
  55. 55Global warming potentialelative measure of how much heat a GHG traps in the atmosphere
  56. 56emission factorsindicates the quantity that can convert "activity data" into emissions.
  57. 57General principles of carbon accountingRelevance
    Completeness
    Consistency
    Transparency
    Accuracy
  58. 58CDPCarbon disclosure project: based in UK, works with shareholders and corporations to disclose the GHG emissions of large corporations.
  59. 59Bilan Carbone, + and -Developed by French gov. Popularizes carbon footprinting
    + includes huge emission factor database, gov recognition
    - develop in french context, complex and time consuming.
  60. 60ISO standard for CO2Standard to ensure that a tonne is a tonne of CO2.
    4 components: organization reporting, project reporting, validation and verification, accreditation of validation and verification bodies.
  61. 61UNFCCCUN Framework Convention on CLimate change. They commit to reduction of GHG but no specified target (RIO 1992)
  62. 62COPhe Conference of Parties (COP) is the supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It currently meets once a year to review the Convention's progress and establish the rules of its implementation
  63. 63Most important COPs1997 Kyoto: legally binding targets
    2001 Marrakech: conclusion of marrakech accords. main rules of international trading of emissions rights and the practical arrangements for the two other flexible mechanisms.
    2009 Copenhagen. Presence of many leaders but no abitious agreement.
  64. 64hy did carbon markets become instrument of choice (4) ?Diplomatic bargain during allocation process
    CM are effective to meet climate target bc of cap
    CM support clean tech and penalize polluting activities
    CM are economically efficient
  65. 65pectrum of policy option for CCFrom command and control to market based mechanisms:
    State provision, regulatory controls, technology standards, emissions trading (in the middle) taxation, subsidies, information campaigns, voluntary agreements....
  66. 66Carbon markets euphoriafrom 1997-2008 (after kyoto )
  67. 67Marginal abatement cost curvescost of changing per tCO2 reduction.
  68. 68Constitutive elements of a cap and trade emissions trading systemSetting of cap
    Allocation of allowances
    Monitoring and reporting
    Implementation of a registry to track allowances
    Reconciliation and penalties for non-complience
  69. 69Characteristics of Kyoto marketsEuropean bubble, exlusion of forestry, inclusion of all GHG, exclusion of aero+ maritime transport, grandfathering, sanctions
  70. 70% of emissions of countries that signed Kyoto extension14%
  71. 715 hypo to asses the effectiveness of CDM1 meet a climate target (absolute cap)
    2 support clean tech, penalize polluting
    3 econom efficient
    4 raise awareness on carbon accounting
    5 provide a fair solution for all
  72. 72Problems with CDM and CAp and tradeInitial overallocation, accounting loopholes, carbon leakages
  73. 73differences between CDM and future market mechanismsproject vs programmes
    Layers of decision making
    Differences in incentivizing mitigation action
    Offsetting approach vs net avoidance of emissions
  74. 74NMM and FVA, which instrumentsmore than only emissions trading: taxation, subsidies, regulatory controlsm, voluntary....
  75. 752 main price mechanisms to reduce emissionscapntrade
    carbon tax
  76. 76CO2Logic approach1 Calculate
    2 Reduce
    3 offset remaining
    4 commuinicate
  77. 77PAS2060Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2060 gives general requirements to be met by anyone wanting to achieve and demonstrate carbon neutrality.
  78. 78Natural CapitalRefers to the stock of natural resources such as minerals, plants, animals, air.... seen as the means for the production of ecological goods and ecosystem services such as: oxygen production, natural water purification, prevention of erosion, crop pollination, recreational services.
  79. 79Ecosystem servicesProvisioning
    Supporting
    Regulating
    Cultural
  80. 80TEVUse value: direct, indirect, option
    +
    Non-use value: Existence, altruistic, Bequest
  81. 81TEchniques to value ecosystem servicesMarket valuation
    Revealed preferences
    Sated preferences
  82. 82Revealed preference methodsChange in productivity
    Replacement cost
    Travel cost
    Hedonic pricing
  83. 83Stated preference modelsContingent valuation
    Choice modelling
  84. 84Definition : PESPayments for environmental services: incentives which create incentives for conservation actions.
  85. 85Types of PESPrivate payments scheme
    Cap-Trade scheme
    Certification scheme
    Public payment scheme
  86. 86SSEESustainable social environmental enterprise.
  87. 87Circular economyKeep resources and their value within the economy
  88. 88Aim of the circular economyDecouple economic growth and development from the consumption of finite resources
  89. 892014 Circular economy packageGreen employment initiative
    Green action plan for SMEs
    Communication on Sustainable buildings
  90. 90EU Circular economy package1) enabling framework
    2) Waste target review
    3) Specific waste challenges
    4) Resource efficiency target
  91. 91LCALife Cycle assessment: holistic approach to understand and prevent environmental impacts and resource utilization
  92. 924 steps in LCA1 Goal and scope definition
    2 Inventory analysis
    3 Impact assessment
    4 Interpretation
  93. 93Inventory analysisquantification of all basic economic flows associated with each elementary process
  94. 942 Impact categoriesMidpoint: problem oriented categories
    Endpoint: Damage oriented categories
    ex: problem: pollution that leads to damage: human health
  95. 95Impact: focus on 5 categoriesGlobal warming potential
    Ozone depletion potential
    Acidification potential
    Smog potential
    Eutrophication potential
  96. 96Limitations of LCAdefinition of system boundaries is at the discretion of the sponsor
    Choice and complexity of the impact categories
    Unclear rules of allocations
    Ex: Data, time, resource requirements, lack of scientific basis, uncertainties over the implementation of results
  97. 97Industrial ecologyis LCA applied to the whole
    business
  98. 98Industrial ecology: compelling business strategy, 4 main benefitsTo reduce costs or increase revenue
    Improve LT resource scarcity
    Regulatory pressure for efficiency
    New business opportunities
  99. 993 things to do to achieve industrial ecologyBy-product reuse
    Utility or infrastructure sharing
    Joint provision of services
  100. 100Biomimicrylook for inspiration in nature to create new designs

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Beschreibung
exam preparation for MSD solvay 2015
Erstellt von
Alexander Rehn · Jun 2015
Aktualisiert
12 Jan 2017
Aufrufe
46
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