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C3 revision flash cards
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- 1RATE OF REACTIONThe rate of reaction measures the amount of product made in a specific time. It can be increased by:
Raising the temperature
Increasing the concentration
Increasing the pressure - 2TEMPERATURE OF REACTANTSLOW TEMPERATURE: The particles move slowly - the particles collide less often and at lower energy - rate of reaction is slow
HIGH TEMPERATURE: The particles move fast - particles collide more often and at higher energy - rate of reaction is fast - 3WHAT ARE THE THREE FORMS OF CARBON?Diamond
Graphite
Buckminster fullerene (buckyballs) - 4DIAMONDIs insoluble in water and doesn't conduct electricity (no free electrons)
Colourless, clear and lustrous
Very hard and has a very high melting point - large amount of covalent bonds
Giant molecular structure - 5GRAPHITEHas a layered structure
Insoluble
Black and slippery
Lustrous and opaque
Conducts electricity - it has delocalised electrons
High melting point - strong covalent bonds - 6BUCKMINSTER FULLERENEKnown as a 'buckyball'
Is made of 60 carbon atoms (C60)
It is a black solid - 7NANOTUBESNanotubes can be made by joining fullerenes together. Nanotubes conduct electricity and are very strong. Uses: Reinforce tennis racket frames, develop more efficient industrial catalysts
- 8WHAT IS ATOM ECONOMY?Atom economy is a way of measuring the number of atoms that are wasted in a chemical reaction.
If all the atoms in the reactants are in the product the atom economy is 100%
Atom economy = Mr of products x 100
Sum of Mr of all products - 9PERCENTAGE YIELD: 100% yield - no product has been lost 0% yield - no product has been madePercentage yield = Actual yield
Predicted yield x100
Percentage yield is a way of comparing the amount of product made with the amount of product expected to make . - 10BATCH PROCESSIn a batch process, reactants are put into a reactor and the product is removed at the end of the reaction. Batch processes:
Make a product on demand on a small scale, can be used to make a variety of products, are labour intensive - 11CONTINUOUS PROCESSIn a continuous process, reactants are continually fed into the reactor as the products are removed. Continuous processes:
Make a product on a large scale, are dedicated to making just one product, operate all the time, run automatically - 12EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONSEXOTHERMIC: Reactions release energy to the surroundings and cause a temperature rise
ENDOTHERMIC: Reactions absorb energy from the surroundings and causes a temperature to drop. - 13CATALYSTA catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of reaction without being used up.
Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bonds of atoms for a reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy to speed up the reaction.
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