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Deviant Behavior Study Guide 2
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- 1biological and psychological theoriesviewed criminals as born, not made
- 2somatotypesbody builds thought to be related to certain personality characteristics or temperaments
- 3"double male" or "super male"individuals that were unusually tall and predisposed to aggressive and violent behavior
- 4lobotomiesa surgery that destroyed the frontal lobe of the brain. performed on patients that were unresponsive to other treatments.
- 5"twinkie defense"when a person becomes depressed and uncontrollably violent because they consumed too much junk food and sugary drinks.
- 6Sigmund FreudHe believed that people with too little ability to resist their impulses had Oedipus/Electra complexes, death wishes, inferiority complexes, frustration-agression syndromes, castration fears, or penis envy, leading them to commit hostile acts.
- 7Alber BanduraSuggested exposure to aggressive or aversive behaviors could reinforce people's tendencies to become aggressive.
- 8Yochelson & SamenowThought criminals had distinct personalities and thinking patterns. And that criminals were victimizers not victims of society.
- 9What was the dominant theory in sociology for the first half of the 20th century?Structural functionalism
- 10According to Durkheim, what constrained people's behaviors?the norms, values, and laws they were taught.
- 11Why did Durkheim feel deviance had positive benefits?it helps remind people of the set boundaries and brings them together.
- 12where does the structural perspective locate the cause of deviance?outside of the individual and in the social structures.
- 13What are the structuralists 2 main factors?1. differential opportunity structure
2. prejudice & discrimination towards certain groups - 14Deviant behavior occurs when?when socially sanctioned means are not available for the realization of highly desirable goals.
- 15According to Merton, anomie results from what?the lack of access to culturally prescribed goals and the lack of availability of legitimate means for attaining those goals. Making deviance an alternative.
- 16Cloward & Ohlin's 3 types of deviant opportunities1. criminal - arise from access to deviant subcultures.
2. conflict - people who have propensity for violence.
3. retreatist - people that withdraw from society. - 17conflict theorist viewsociety is pluralistic, heterogeneous and conflictual. social conflict arises out of incompatible interests of diverse groups in society.
- 18feminist theorytakes a structural approach, locating the pervasive discrimination and oppression of women in society in the overarching patriarchal system.
- 19Cultural conflict may occur when1. people from one culture "migrate"
2. during a "take-over" situation, when the laws of one cultural group are extended to another.
3. on the "borders" of contiguous cultural areas. - 20lower-class culture theorysuggests that when these individuals follow the norms of their subculture, they become deviant according to the predominantly middle-class societal norms and values.
- 21interactionist perspectivelooks in a more micro fashion at people's everyday life behavior to try to understand why some people engage in deviance.
- 22differential association theorydeviant behavior is socially learned from intimate friends and family
- 23Matza's Drift theorypeople gradually leave their old crowd and become enmeshed in a circle of deviant associates. might keep one foot in each world.
- 24Becker emphasizes that deviance lies inthe eye of the beholder.
- 25control theory of delinquencyunnecessary to look for the causes of deviant behavior. should seek to understand what holds people back from committing these acts, what forces constrain and control deviance.
- 26"The Constructionist Stance"micro-interactionist approach, bridging the gap between the way labels are applied to individuals who then internalize them in their everyday life context.
- 27Durkheim argues that deviance isso critical to society that if people stop engaging in it immediately, we would have to redefine acts now considered acceptable as deviant.
- 28why is crime normal?a society exempt from it is impossible
- 292 important elements of social and cultural structures1. culturally defined goals, purposes, & interests
2. what defines, regulates, and controls the acceptable modes of reaching out for these goals. - 30types of individual adaptation1. conformity
2. innovation
3. ritualism
4. retreatism
5. rebellion - 31differential associations may vary infrequency
duration
priority
intensity - 32when criminal behavior is learned, the learned includes1. techniques of committing the crime
2. the specific direction of motive, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. - 33conforming behavior is reinforced byindividuals' attachment to norm-abiding members of society.
- 34psychopathylack of attachment to other
- 35In patriarchal society, what is just as powerful of a system as class?gender stratification
- 36what characterizes the gender-related pathway of girls into deviance and crime?the cycle of victimization to criminalization
- 37the constructionist approach recognizesthat people can only understand the world in terms of words and categories that they create and share with one another
- 38The constructionist perspective consists of what theories?labeling and conflict
- 39constructionist approachinvolved studying claims and the claimsmakers
- 40medicalizationdefining deviance as a form of illness requiring medial treatment
- 41social constructionismfocuses on understanding how concerns about particular forms of deviance emerge and evolve, and for studying how social control agents construct particular acts as deviant and individuals as deviants
- 42what is a major contribution to female delinquency?sexual abuse
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