Karteikarten
L7 - Motor Systems 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (46)
- 1through what horn of the spinal cord to motor neurones exitthe ventral horn
- 2what are the 2 descending pathways and which is voluntary?lateral pathway = voluntary
ventromedial = brainstem control - 3what does the ventromedial motor pathway control?unconscious control of movement including but not limited to reflexes
(e.g breathing etc) - 4what part of the brain controls voluntary movementthe motor cortex
- 5are there other pathways which can cause muscle contraction alongside the motor systemsno the motor systems are the only systems which cause muscle contraction
- 6explain why movement has a heigherarchical organisationthe spinal cord can launch reflex responses but these can be overridden by higher cortical regions
- 7give some regions in the brain which make up the pre-motor and supplementary motor cortexbasal ganglia
cerebellum
thalamus - 8give the 3 basic types of movementreflex - protective
rhythmic motor patterns - chewing, walking etc
voluntary - purposeful movement in open loop - 9is rhythmic motor pattern reflex or voluntarycombination of both
- 10what are lower motor neurones- the motor neurones found in the spinal cord which are synapsed by the upper motor neurones from the brain
- the lower innervates the effector - 11what lower neurone type innervates musclealpha motor neurones
- 12what different upper motor neurone activity regulates lower motor neurone firing- sensory input from local feedback control
- spinal interneuroens
- cerebral cortex upper neuroens - 13what are central pattern generatorscircuits in the spinal cord which cause movement independant of the brain
- 14give an example of central pattern generatorsheadless chickens running around
- 15give an example of how higher cortical regions interact with central pattern generationthe spinal cord causes regular rhythm in walking but the brain gives modulation in response to the terrain and direction
- 16what types of neurones are responsible for for postural controlmedial motor neurones
- 17what type of neurones are responsible for fine motor control e.g of the fingerslateral motor neurones
- 18do medial or lateral motor neurones have more higher cortical influence?lateral because its involved in fine motor control
- 19give the difference in wiring of the lateal pathways from the ventromedial pathwatthe lateral pathway has direct connection from the cerebral cortex while the medial pathway has some cerebral connection but mainly brain stem regulation
- 20anatomically how do the lateral and ventromedial motor neurones exit the spinal cord
- 21what is the rubro spinal tract?the secondary spinal tract to the corticospinal
- rubiro takes over when the cortico is damaged - 22give the sections of the CNS which makes up the corticospinal tractmotor cortex
midbrain
medulla
spinal cord - 23describe the connection of the brain to the distal muscles through the corticospinal tractdirect projection from the cortex to lateral spinal motor neurones which innervate distal muscles
- 24how many synapses between the cortex and the distal muscles in the corticospinal tract?1
(monosynaptic) - 25what 2 pathways make up the lateral pathwaysthe corticospinal tract
the rubrospinal tract - 26what nucleus does the rubrospinal tract project from?the red nucleus
- 27compare the role and strength of the corticospinal and rubrospinal tractshave the same role but corticospinal is the primary pathway used
- 28do both the corticospinal and rubrospinal travel through the lateral pathway?yes
- 29where do ventromedial motor pathways origionate?brain stem nuclei
- 30are lateral pathways contralateral or ipsilateral?contralateral
- 31are ventromedial pathways contralateral or ipsilateral?both
- 32what muscles are innervates by the ventromedial motor pathwaysproximal and axial muscles which control body posture and position
- 33how many pathways make up the ventromedial pathways?4
in 2 groups - 34give the 4 ventromedial pathwatspontine reticulospinal
medullary reticulospinal
vestibulo-spinal
tecto-spinal - 35what is the purpose the reticulospinalmaintains continuous contraction of postural muscles to keep you upright
e.g leg extensor contraction to keep you upright - 36what is the purpose of medullary reticulospinal tract?- is antagonistic to the pontine medullary tract
- frees up muscles involved in posture allowing voluntary override
- allows sitting down etc - 37what are the vestibulospinal tract and tectospinal tract used fro- RELAYING sensory information (theyre not sensory but sit as interneuroens)
- vestibulospinal relays gravitational info
-tectospinal relays info from retina and visual cortex - 38what is the general purpose of each of the vestibulospinal and tectospinal tractsvestubulospinal maintains head and neck position
tectospinal orientates head and eyes towards stimuli - 39other than the motor cortex is the rest of the cerebral cortex involved in movementyes
- allows thinking and preparation for movement - 40what are the functions of the pre-motor cortex- control of posture and balance
- control of movement sequencing (stages of carrying out the movement)
- prep for movement - 41what are the functions of the supplimentry motor area of the brainplanning and initiation
co-ordinaiotn - 42what is the function of the primary motor neuronesactivate small groups of muscles rather than single ones to cause fine control of force or direction
- 43give the outcome of damage to upper motor neuroensmuscle weakness
increased spasticity - 44what is increased spasicity- when there is a loss of voluntary control so reflexes take over as major influencers of movement
- reflex resposnes become predominant - 45when damage occurs to the left side of the brian's of the upper motor neurones what side of the body is effectsthe right side
(contralateral side) - 46when a person has a stroke (damage to upper motor neurones) how can they train themselves to overcome it?they train the ruprospinal cord to override damage to corticospinal tract
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Year 1 NER (Neuroscience ) Karteikarten am L7 - Motor Systems 1, erstellt von Jack Rowe am 31/12/2022.
- Erstellt von
- Jack Rowe
- Aufrufe
- 2
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