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Anthro Midterm

Amanda D. 2R03 2 Englisch 112 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (112)

  1. 1Emicinsider's view - explanation in terms of what is meaningful in the culture
  2. 2Eticanalyst's outsider view - explanation in general theoretical terms
  3. 3Paradoxhow can you explain something in etic terms without being reductionistic
  4. 4Fieldworkto study religion and other social issues
  5. 5Holisticfocus - not only on religion but on whole life of a group of people
  6. 6Participant Observationspending a long time doing fieldwork
  7. 7Ethnographya detailed anthropological description on culture
  8. 8Stages of Ethnography1) Entree
    2) Culture Shock
    3)Establishing Rapport
    4) Gaining understanding
    5) Leaving the Field
    6) Analyzing and interpreting
    7) Writing
  9. 9James CliffordThe ethnographies are "partial truths" - 2 senses of partial
  10. 10dealing with conflicting beliefs1) compartmentalization
    2) "suspending disbelief"
    3) loyalty to own group and the group being studied
  11. 11WagnerDid fieldwork in the US with evangelical, fundamentalist Christians
  12. 12Wagner's Findings:1) New age groups are broadly tolerant of all kinds of beliefs, including anthropologists who identify as "student of belief" rather than believers
    2) conservative Christians wanted to convert her, also asked her to be "educational consultation" a role in which she felt would be unethical to take on; would have become too much a part of the group
  13. 13Reflexivitya style of ethnography that includes attention to the researcher's position and subjectivity, for example, by considering the effect of a researcher's presence on what is being investigated
  14. 14religion defined - E.B. Taylorthe belief in supernatural things "animism"
  15. 15religion defined by Durkheimpractices relative to sacred things - sacred meaning "apart from the profane"
  16. 16Sir James G. Frazer - religion definedthe propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and human life
  17. 17Religion Defined: Anthony Wallacea set of rituals rationalized by myth, which mobilizes supernatural powers for the purposes of achieving or preventing transformations of state in man and nature
  18. 18Religion defined: Ellerreligion is the discourse, the language and practice, or the means by which human society and culture is extended to include the non-human
  19. 19Religion defined: Clifford Geertz (more recent)religion generates meaning and order in people's experience
  20. 20worldviewThe way a group of people understand the cosmos and their place in it
  21. 21weltanschauunga comprehensive conception or apprehension of the world, especially from a specific standpoint
  22. 22religion defined: post-modern trendaway from static definitions, look at particular situations not categories
  23. 23Talal Asadsurveys the intellectual history of concepts of "religion" and "secular"
  24. 24Functions of Religionto explain, console, generate meaning, and regulate social behaviour
    -it can generate anxiety about afterlife
    -can serve as a form of social control
    -anxiety and fear about retribution also forms social cohesion
  25. 25practicewhat people actually do
  26. 26prescriptionwhat texts, canon law, and scriptures specify
  27. 27Spiro's 3 orientations within Southeast Asian Buddhism (etic)1) Nibbanic or soteriological- concerned with attaining Nervana
    2) Kammic - concerned with karma, getting spiritual merit for better re-births
    3) Apotropiac - concerned with daily problems, avoiding evil and attracting good fortune (amulets in thailand)
    -these can overlap
  28. 28Amulets in Thailand-apotropiac
    -objects of actual power
    -the production of amulets is secret and based on specialized knowledge
    -different amulets are more popular at different periods of time
  29. 29jatukhamrammathep amulets-Hindu images, astrological signs, and herbal ingredients
    -worth several hundred million baht
    -had to be consecrated through ceremony by monks
    -popularity based on socio-political and natural circumstances
  30. 30reasons jatukhamrammathep amulets were used (2007)-desire for protection during unstable times
    -required consecration - had the owner complete a ritual component
    -fundraising for monks
  31. 31Malinowski and ritualsmagical rituals performed in the face of uncontrollable forces and circumstances
  32. 32Official Discourse: Thai Amuletsamulets have no power, should only be worn to remind the wearer of Lord Buddha and promote mindfulness
  33. 33Popular discourse: Thai Amuletsamulets protect us against witchcraft, disease, and accidents
  34. 34Beginnings of Christianitycame of Judaism 2000 years ago
  35. 35All Christians believeJesus is the sun of God, resurrected after the crucifixion, and provides eternal life
  36. 36Divisions within Christianityschism of 1054 between eastern orthodoxy and roman Catholicism
  37. 371517 Luther, protestant reformationschism between western Christianity between Catholic Church and reformers who protested against some of the Catholic Doctrines and formed new churches (protestant) - Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others
  38. 38Friends of God2007 Wagner documentary in the same population that Wagner studied on Us. conservative Christians and Evangelical Christians - filmmaker Alexandra Pelosi
  39. 39Megachurcheshave large congregations with popular, entertaining services, and contemporary music styles
  40. 40Anthropology and Christianityit took a long time for anthropologists to study christianity because it was seen as too close to home
    -they wanted to distance themselves from missionaries
    -there are fundamental ideological issues because Anthro deals with evolution and many Christians are creationist making it hard to develop rapport
  41. 41Sacred Narrativesmyths that are believed to be true
    -key parts to larger theological system
    -tell how world came to be in its present form
    -Characters: Gods, semi divine and culture heroes
    -accepted on faith and accepted to be truth
  42. 42Myth-used to explain
    -account for natural features and animals
    -explain rituals and the reasons why there are certain taboos
    -they describe the social worlds of the deities
    -popular idea is that a myth means something is untrue
  43. 43Myth as Chartermyth sets precedent for existing order, legitimates social norms by tracing them back to sacred beginnings
    -sometimes they cover over historical inconsistencies
  44. 44Myth and Psych: Fruedmyth can be used as a projection of subconscious though, feelings, and wishes - gives them expression in symbolic form
  45. 45Myth and Psych: Jungmyths contain universal archetypes that lead to wisdom - child archetype
  46. 46Modern study of mythlooks at myth in the context of the rest of culture - its history, its daily life, material culture, environment, gender relations, economy vs. individual psychology
  47. 47Myth and Worldviewshapes groups understanding of reality or worldview: "All encompassing picture of reality, based on shared assumptions of how the world works
    -deals with existential dilemmas
    -responds to the need for meaning
  48. 48Symbolis something that represents something else - they are central to religion and are sometimes believed to hold sacred power
  49. 49Multivocal Symbolsmean more than one thing at a time
  50. 50Somalife-giving nectar
  51. 51suhagstate of being auspiciously married
  52. 52Urmilajino woman wants to be a widow. No matter how bad the husband is
  53. 53High Caste Perspectiveupper castes prohibit widows from remarrying
  54. 54Kangralike much of India - patrilocal = woman goes to live with the husband's family at marriage and her marital ties are vastly
    -many times she has a low position in the husband's family
    -when she is widowed she feels isolated in a family that's not blood, unless she has a son who can take care of her
  55. 55Widows in Indian Cultureinauspicious, unlucky - have to obey ritual rules and stay celibate, some leave their husband's family homes and live in ashrams to perform rituals for food and beg
  56. 56Myth of Sunna the Washerwomanalthough
    refers to past period when characters in myth had special powers – shows that through worship, proper observance of rituals, auspicious marriage achieved
  57. 57Claude Lévi-StraussThe structural study of myth
    -myth is a logical model that attempts to resolves fundamental human contradictions -binary life/death and good/evil
    -there is no possible resolutions to these contradictions
  58. 58GeertzReligion’s moral imperatives arise from the way that it depicts fundamental nature of
    reality
  59. 59Ethosmoral and aesthetic style, tone character and quality of a group's life
  60. 60Geertz: Central feature of all religionsmeaningful relationships between moral and ethical values that a group of people holds and their understanding of the "general order of existence"
    -people conduct themselves based on their worldview
  61. 61meaning and symbolsmeaning is stored in symbols which are found in myth and rituals - they can represent positives and negatives
  62. 62Azandepeople of North Central Africa then equate negative things with witchcraft
  63. 63Javaevil that results by unregulated passion in Melanesia
  64. 64WajangJavanese puppet shows that dramatize stories from the Indian Epic Mahabarata
    -these stories have to do with moral dilemmas
  65. 65Goal of Javanese Puppet Showsto achieve detached tranquillity without being removed from the world - expressed in the mystical worldview and codes of behaviour in the Javanese culture
  66. 66Geertz: Humanssymbolizing, meaning seeking animals; want to make sense out of experience and see it as orderly
  67. 67Geertz: religionattempt to provide orientation for an organism which cannot live in a world it is unable to understand
  68. 68Serpent Handling Belief (Pentecostal)that if you have salvation and eternal life you will be safe while handling snakes
    - you are one of the saved and no matter how difficult life is you can look forward to heaven - west virginia
  69. 69serpentsymbol of death (to handle a snake and survive is to overcome death)
  70. 70Virgin of Guadeloupe (master symbol)christianity and roman catholicism in Mexico
    - said to be where the virgin Mary appeared to a Christianized Indigenous man, Juan Diego and spoke to him in his native language after 10 years of Spanish conquest
  71. 71Virgin of Guadeloupe Miraclemade roses grow in the desert and told Juan Diego to gather them in his cloak - when he took the cloak to the Bishop who did not believe him there was an imprint of Mary on his cloak
  72. 72Tonantzintemple of the fertility goddess Tonantzin on the same spot as the shrine to the virgin Mary
  73. 73Tepeyacwhere the shrine of the virgin Mary was built, the same place where the pre-hispanic temple of Tonantzin was
  74. 74syncretismsynthesis of 2 religious symbols and traditions
  75. 75Eric Wolfe: Virgin of Guadeloupeshe plays the role of mother in Mexican family types and in terms of social groupings in society
    - she represents a loving mother and a virgin - the ideal woman
    - represents the successful outcome of men struggling with patriarchal father figures
  76. 76mestizossocial groupings of Indigenous people who are marginalized from social and political power in Mexico
  77. 77Virgin to mestizosshe was important because she was both indigenous and Spanish
    -she became the symbol for the Mexican movement for Independence
  78. 78Independence movementincreased political and social power of Mestizos as opposed to "pure" Spanish
    -the virgin of Guadeloupe is the symbol of Mexican society
  79. 79Ritual-religiously directed action
    -less about thinking, belief, more about doing
    -symbols, formal language and behaviour repetition, aesthetic elaboration
    - strengthens social bonds
  80. 80secular ritualrituals that are not linked to religious institutions or doctrines but are still deal with meaningful values, emotions, and intensify emotional bonds
  81. 81types of rituals: Rights of passagelife cycle rituals
  82. 82rights of intensificationassociated with crisis
  83. 83calandrical ritualsrituals that are associated with important times of year
  84. 84Rosaldo: ritualsa busy intersection
  85. 85Functions of Ritual: Malinowskireduce anxiety, helps people as a social group to face situations over which they lack control (ie. death)
  86. 86Geertz: Ritualrituals are cultural performances that synthesize ethos and worldview; rituals enact the perfect fusion of values, sense of the way the world really is, and moral behaviour; in so doing they both describe and shape the social order
  87. 87Arnold Van Gennep: The rights of passage- common pattern in all rituals associated with the transition of social categories
    - associated with the life cycle transitions
    -rights of passage both mark and produce the transition from one social state to another
  88. 88Structure of Rights of Passage1) right of separation - detach from previous social category
    2) right of transition - move from one category to the next
    3) right of incorporation - incorporation into a new social category, status is celebrated and confirmed
  89. 89Victor TurnerBritish Anthropologist
    - wrote "the ritual process"
    - interested in the right of transition, the middle phase of rights of passage
    -during the rights of transition the person is liminal which means powerful
  90. 90communitasthe sense of close interpersonal bonding,
    egalitarian relationships arising in liminal contexts
  91. 91rights of Ndemdu in Zambia-studied by turner
    -when young men are separated from the group to undergo initiation rituals
    -signifies rebirth
  92. 92Turner: Sacramaterial items used in rituals for instruction
    -usually combines elements from one domain into another
  93. 93Incwala-a Swaziland right of passage that involves the seclusion of a king
    - calendrical ritual that is meant to make the king and country stronger
  94. 94lunar symbolismwhen a king is in seclusion he is like the moon in between waxing and waning periods - liminal period where he is painted blank and dangerous to other people - he does not engage and stays in his ritual hut
    - after this social order is renewed
  95. 95SanteriaCuban religion synthesizing elements from Yoruba religion in west African and Roman Catholicism
  96. 96Santeria Initiationdone by the god parents
    -focuses on the bodily experience of the ritual which is washing in herbal water called Osain which transforms the person into a Santeria member
  97. 97Osainherbal water in Santeria
  98. 98Santeria Godparentspadrinos
  99. 99Important body part in Santeria Initiationthe head: it is the spiritual organs and the centre of the human being, receives persons character from Creator prior to birth
  100. 100aleyointiate in santeria who is then cleansed with the wings of a rooster and three doves and a hen and then the birds are sacrificed which opens the road for the initiate
  101. 101Performance theoryrituals are cultural performances that enact and communicate meanings through bodily experience and through the manipulation of material culture
  102. 102Habitusthose aspects of culture that are anchored in bodily skills, styles
  103. 103Initiation in Santeria Puerto Rico-initiation of a priest Shango (Thundergod)
    - stones are washed in sacred water
    - Sacrifice: blood anointed to the head
    - the initiate recieves a new name : Oba Ko Puro which in Yuroba means "The king does not lie"
  104. 104Morrocco Women's Henna Tattoo-used to be actual tattoos but henna is not permanent so it doesn't contradict the hadith teachings
    -this tattoo is a woman's right of passage
  105. 105Hennabody markings that accompany rights of passage and festive occasions in Moroccan women
    - was used by the Prophet Mohammed - said to be the chief of the sweet smelling flowers
    - provides luck, insurance against the evil eye, health, blessings and a sign of joy when applied for a wedding
  106. 106day of the bathMoroccan women's tradition where the bride is purified by bathing in a public bath called a Hammam
  107. 107Significance of Blood for Moroccan Women-henna is reddish (evokes blood)
    the state of being married woman is marked by blood
    -a symbol of child birth
    -blood is polluting and henna contradicts it
  108. 108Barakadivine blessing power in the Moroccan tradition
  109. 109Wedding in Morocco- right of passage for the bride - bride is liminal
    -fasting, silence
    -starts during the application of henna
    - demands control of body and consumption so the bride does not smudge the henna
    -bride is passive, submissive, and shy like an ideal woman
    - applied to the hands and feet which are the only body parts shown in the wedding, both disguises and calls attention to the bride
    - marks bride as a sexual being and shows the boundaries of her skin and body and how it will be broken
    - silence and immobility make the bride look inside herself
  110. 110Baraka of Henna- permeate the interior of the body and spirit
    -purifies from the outside in
  111. 111Marriage in Morrocco- clearly defined right of passage in a society that has clear gender roles
  112. 112ShangoThundergod in Santeria in Puerto Rico

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2 2R03 Karteikarten am Anthro Midterm , erstellt von Amanda D. am 22/10/2015.
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