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Description
Flashcards by Jonathan Miljus, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jonathan Miljus
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Wolff’s Law | Final form of a bone is representative of its function Periosteum! Wolff's law is a theory developed by the German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff (1836–1902) in the 19th century that states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. |
| Functional Complex | Anatomical region that we can talk about multiple functions responsible for the way something looks (function shaping form) |
| Dental Formula | Humans, apes, old world monkeys: 2.1.2.3. New world monkeys: 2.1.3.3. |
| Osteoblast | is the cell building the bone |
| Osteocyte | a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. |
| Osteoclast | takes away old bone |
| Parabolic dentition | Humans |
| Pentadactyl | primitive trait of mammals |
| What are some problems w/ the fossil record? | Establish amount of variation throughout s species – developmental stages (children)– Incomplete (time gaps!) Fragmentary, isolated finds Looking at morphological traits (rather the DNA, proteins…) Can’t understand the range of variability – sexual dimorphism – geographic variation |
| Periosteum | a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. |
| Osteogenic | Stimulates bone growth |
| Growth of a long bone occurs between the | EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS!!! |
| Law of antagonistic compensation states that reduced use of a bone will result in a shorter, wider bone. True or False? | TRUE |
| The sagittal crest present at birth True/ False? | FALSE |
| Bone morphology is a result of | Genetics Functions |
| How many total teeth do we have? | 32 |
| Compact bone is the dense, hard outer layer of bone that surrounds the second type of bone called porous bone. True or false | False!! |
| trabecular bone or spongy bone | one of two types of osseous tissue that form bones. |
| What is the Human dental formula? | 2123 |
| What type of tooth do we have fewer of than other mammals? | Premolars |
| Homologous structure | Shared derived opposed to evolved characteristic |
| What are some other derived characteristics (opposed ancestral)? | Relatively large brain, upright posture, binocular stereoscopic vision |
| Hypocone | 70+ million years ago we find mammalian teeth on the enamel is the cusp – this cusp becomes distinctive to primates |
| Based upon what you have learned in lecture and observed in lab, what morphological differences between humans and other primate species are a result of locomotion. | Foot function Scapula Law of antagonistic something Fan shape portion will become shorter |
| What distinguishes dental primates from other mammals? | Hypocone |
| Name a true brachiating primate | Siamangs |
| Brachiation | arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms. |
| The genotype is the only factor that determine phenotype. True or False | False |
| Given the allele frequencies p - .3 and q-.7 what percentage of the population is expected to have the H (heterozygous) genotype? | 42 % |
| A codon | a sequence of three base pairs codes for a specific amino acid |
| Codons | code for amino acid |
| Processes in protein synthesis results in the creation of Mrna | Transcription |
| Why is DNA important? | Transfers hereditary info from parents to offspring Control protein synthesis Codes for protein |
| genotype containing two of the same alleles is | Homozygous |
| The possible variation of allele combination is | genotype |
| Alleles | Are different variations of a gene |
| Which RNA nucleotide base corresponds to adenine | Genes |
| DNA nucleotide base corresponds to Guanine (G)? | Cytosine |
| Random occurrences that may or may not become more frequent in a population based upon natural selection | Genetic mutation |
| Mutations are random. True or False | True |
| Mutations are always fatal. True or False | False |
| Genetic mutations are an intention product of natural selection. True or False | False |
| Natural Selection | It changes the genotypic frequencies in a population It occurs relative to environmental conditions |
| It was first proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace | Natural Selection |
| Competing forces on pelvis | birth canal and bipedalism |
| In anatomical position, the position of the forearm is called_________. | Supinated (palms up) |
| Normal variation between males and females of the same species, such as size difference is called________. | Sexual Dimorphism |
| Opposite of superior | Inferior |
| Reptiles have _______ dentition, indicating they have the same type of teeth throughout their moth. | Homodont |
| ____________ is the process by which a group of organisms rapidly diversifies and spread into new ecological niches. | Adaptive radiation |
| The earlier dental primates, such as Plesiadapis, had an additional tooth cusp call a/an)))))m which was an adaption to frugivory. | Hypocone |
| Three traits unique to primates (e.g., derived traits of primates NOT shared w/ the rest of Mammalia). | Upright posture Reduced snout (prognathism) Nails, not claws Binocular vision |
| The unit that natural selection acts upon is the population rather than the individuals. True or False? | True |
| Genetic mutation are always bad. True or False | False |
| Natural Selection in action | Underlying genetic mutation Environmental Pressure Differential Reproduction |
| DNA base pairs | A-T G-C |
| RNA bas pairs | A-U G-C |
| Differences between DNA and RNA | DNA - Double stranded - Stays in nucleus -AT-GC - mx geres RNA - Single stranded - Copy of 1 gere - AU-GC - leaves Nucleus |
| Mitosis | part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus. |
| Meiosis | process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe book it holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies. |
| MRNA | Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. |
| tRNA | Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule. |
| Gene | Image result for genewww.news-medical.net A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. |
| Base pair | A base pair is one of the pairs A-T or C-G. Notice that each base pair consists of a purine and a pyrimidine. The nucleotides in a base pair are complementary which means their shape allows them to bond together with hydrogen bonds. The A-T pair forms two hydrogen bonds. |
| codon | A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. DNA and RNA molecules are written in a language of four nucleotides; meanwhile, the language of proteins includes 20 amino acids. |
| Chromosomes | Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. |
| Transcription | Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. The two can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. |
| somatic cell | A somatic cell is any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells. Somatic cells are diploid, meaning that they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. |
| Sex cells | Sex cells, or gametes, are unique to organisms that reproduce sexually. In animals and plants (fungi are somewhat different in this regard) there are two types of sex cells: male and female. The male sex cells are sperm, while the female sex cells are eggs. |
| Translation | Translation is the second part of protein biosynthesis (the making of proteins). It is part of the process of gene expression. Before translation comes: transcription produces a chain of introns and exons. RNA splicing by spliceosomes which remove introns, and formulate the messenger RNA from exons. |
| Alleles | An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent. |
| homozygous | whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous. |
| Heterozygous | having one each of two different alleles |
| Recessive | Recessive traits can be carried in a person's genes without appearing in that person. For example, a dark-haired person may have one gene for dark hair, which is a dominant trait, and one gene for light hair, which is recessive. |
| dominant | Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive. |
| Punnett Square | Image result for Punnett Squareen.wikipedia.org The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. |
| Mendelian traits | Mendelian Traits are those traits which follow Mendel's rules of only 2 possible versions (1 dominant, 1 recessive). There are many examples of this in humans. 1. Use the chart below to determine your phenotype (appearance) and possible genotypes (a pair of alleles). |
| Hardy–Weinberg | The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. |
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