Karteikarten
pH regulation
Karten in diesem Stapel (71)
- 1What is the ratio of hydroxide and protons in pure water?1:1
- 2What is the name for the pH scale?Potenz hydrogen = hydrogen concentration
(Potential of hydrogen in solution) - 3How is the scale measured?Indirect scale (i.e 1/H)
- 4Why does the pH of a solution need regulating?Adding or removing hydrogen ions from proteins causes conformational change (denaturation)
- 5What does the denaturing of enzymes do?Effects the functioning of enzymes as the changes can be irrevesible
- 6Low pH is equal to what concentration of protons?High
- 7What range does the pH scale cover?1-14
- 8What is the pH range that can be tolerated in the body?pH 6.8-7.8
- 9What is the pH range found in the extracellular fluid?7.36-7.44
- 10What is the pH range found in the intracellular fluid?7.10-7.20
- 11What can occur if there is a change to the pH outside the narrow limits that can be tolerated?Death
- 12What happens if the pH is too low in the body?Depression of the nervous activity
- 13What happens if the pH in the body is too high?Increased excitability of cardiac cells
- 14From pH 7.8- pH 6.8 what is the difference is the concentration of protons?Increases 10 fold.
(16-160) - 15What does an acid dissociate to form?A proton and a base
- 16Give the equation used to show the dissociation of a weak acid.Ha <---> H+ + A-
- 17What is the Law of Mass action?The rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentration of the reactants
- 18What type of acids are found in biological systems?Weak acids
- 19What does an alkali (base) remove from solution?Protons
- 20What is formed by a base and a proton?A conjugate acid
- 21What does a base dissociate in solution to form?Hydroxide ions and the metal ions
- 22What is the definition of a weak acid or base?Doesn't fully dissociate in solution
- 23What level of protons are found in the body?Very low concentrations
(40nEq/L) - 24What is the equation for working out the pH?=-log[H+]
- 25Where do the protons in the body fluids come from?Volatile acids derived from carbon dioxide
Non volatile acids produced during metabolism - 26What is the equation that links carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions?CO2 + H20 <--> H2CO3 <-->HCO3- + H+
- 27Name 2 examples of what are produced by non volatile acids produced during metabolism.Phosphoric acid
Lactic acid - 28How are non volatile acids removed?Excretion through renal function
- 29What can be used to remove CO2 from the circulation?Respiratory parameters
- 30What are carnivores net producers of?Acid
- 31Herbivorous animals are net producers of?Bicarbonate due to the organic material that they eat
- 32The metabolism of what type of food can produce bicarbonate as an end product?Protein (amino acids)
Organic anions (citrate) - 33Where is excess bicarbonate excreted?Kidneys
- 34Give 3 ways in which proton concentration can be regulated?1. Buffers in the body
2. Respiratory centres respond to change in proton conc.
3. Kidney can adjust proton conc - 35What is the role of a buffer?Minimises the change in pH when acid or base is added.
- 36What is the definition of an acid and base?Acid: Proton donor
Base: Proton acceptor - 37What is an amphoteric buffer?React either way to change the pH
(accept or donate protons) - 38What is a pK value?Constant for a particular buffer
- 39What is the Henderson Hasselbalch equatiion?pH = pK + log [base]
[acid] - 40What is a buffer made up of?Chemicals in an equilibrium
- 41According to the Henderson Hasselbalch equation what is the pH of a solution determined by?The ratio of the concentrations of acid to base
- 42Under what conditions do large changes in proton do not have much of an effect on pH?pH = pK
- 43What is the normal concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood?24mmol
- 44Name the 6 whole body buffering systems.1. Dilution in whole body water
2. Bufferng in blood
3. Buffers in ECF
4. Intracellular buffers
5. Carbonate in bone
6. Ion exchange in bone - 45What is the main ECF buffer?Bicarbonate ions
- 46What is the most important intracellular buffer?Protein
- 47What is the enzyme used to speed up the reaction of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide?Carbonic anhydrase
- 48What are the 2 regulations in the equation of carbonic acid to either bicarbonate or carbon dioxide?Carbon dioxide is regulated by the lungs
Bicarbonate/protons regulated by he kidneys - 49What is pH proportional to?[HCO3-] (kidneys)
pCO2 (Lungs) - 50How do the lungs control pCO2?Varying respiratory rate
- 51How do the kidneys control protons in ECF?By producing acid or alkaline urine
(varying proton secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption) - 52Where in the kidney handles ph balance?Collecting duct
- 53What are the 2 types of intercalated cells in the tubule cells?Proton secreting cell
Bicarbonate secreting cell - 54Where is carbonic anhydrase found?In the brush border
- 55In bicarbonate secreting cells what is excreted in exchange for the bicarbonate?Chloride ions
- 56What kind of secretion occurs in the proton secreting cells?Selective
- 57What does the kidney have the ability to do in terms of the ions secreted?Change the relative amounts of protons and bicarbonate that is secreted.
- 58What are the 2 types of urinary buffers that are found?Inorganic phosphate
Ammonia/ammonium - 59What do urinary buffers do?Attenuate pH changes in urine and allow the excretion of more protons
- 60What are the 2 types of acid- base disturbances?Acidosis
Alkalosis - 61What is a rapid short term way of regulating pH?Compensation
- 62What is a long term way of returning bicarbonate ions and the pCO2 to normal levels?Correction
- 63What does acidosis mean?pH too low
(roughly below 7.35) - 64What does alkalosis mean?pH too high
(roughly above 7.45) - 65What is the main types of compensation?Largely buffers
Respiratory function - 66What is used for correction?Renal function
- 67What is affected in respiratory acid/base disturbance?Levels of CO2 change
- 68What occurs in non-respiratory acid/base disturbances?Metabolic disorders
- 69What is the normal pCO2?40mmHg
- 70What can be tested for to diagnose renal failure?Electrolyte imbalance
Creatinine clearance - 71What does a nomogram relate?Arterial blood pH
Arterial plasma (bicarbonate concentration)
pCO2
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- BVSc 1. Alimentary and Renal (Physiology) Karteikarten am pH regulation, erstellt von Rachael Jones am 21/02/2016.
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- Rachael Jones
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