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Flashcards

pH regulation

Rachael Jones 1. Alimentary and Renal BVSc English 71 cards

Cards in this deck (71)

  1. 1What is the ratio of hydroxide and protons in pure water?1:1
  2. 2What is the name for the pH scale?Potenz hydrogen = hydrogen concentration
    (Potential of hydrogen in solution)
  3. 3How is the scale measured?Indirect scale (i.e 1/H)
  4. 4Why does the pH of a solution need regulating?Adding or removing hydrogen ions from proteins causes conformational change (denaturation)
  5. 5What does the denaturing of enzymes do?Effects the functioning of enzymes as the changes can be irrevesible
  6. 6Low pH is equal to what concentration of protons?High
  7. 7What range does the pH scale cover?1-14
  8. 8What is the pH range that can be tolerated in the body?pH 6.8-7.8
  9. 9What is the pH range found in the extracellular fluid?7.36-7.44
  10. 10What is the pH range found in the intracellular fluid?7.10-7.20
  11. 11What can occur if there is a change to the pH outside the narrow limits that can be tolerated?Death
  12. 12What happens if the pH is too low in the body?Depression of the nervous activity
  13. 13What happens if the pH in the body is too high?Increased excitability of cardiac cells
  14. 14From pH 7.8- pH 6.8 what is the difference is the concentration of protons?Increases 10 fold.
    (16-160)
  15. 15What does an acid dissociate to form?A proton and a base
  16. 16Give the equation used to show the dissociation of a weak acid.Ha <---> H+ + A-
  17. 17What is the Law of Mass action?The rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentration of the reactants
  18. 18What type of acids are found in biological systems?Weak acids
  19. 19What does an alkali (base) remove from solution?Protons
  20. 20What is formed by a base and a proton?A conjugate acid
  21. 21What does a base dissociate in solution to form?Hydroxide ions and the metal ions
  22. 22What is the definition of a weak acid or base?Doesn't fully dissociate in solution
  23. 23What level of protons are found in the body?Very low concentrations
    (40nEq/L)
  24. 24What is the equation for working out the pH?=-log[H+]
  25. 25Where do the protons in the body fluids come from?Volatile acids derived from carbon dioxide
    Non volatile acids produced during metabolism
  26. 26What is the equation that links carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions?CO2 + H20 <--> H2CO3 <-->HCO3- + H+
  27. 27Name 2 examples of what are produced by non volatile acids produced during metabolism.Phosphoric acid
    Lactic acid
  28. 28How are non volatile acids removed?Excretion through renal function
  29. 29What can be used to remove CO2 from the circulation?Respiratory parameters
  30. 30What are carnivores net producers of?Acid
  31. 31Herbivorous animals are net producers of?Bicarbonate due to the organic material that they eat
  32. 32The metabolism of what type of food can produce bicarbonate as an end product?Protein (amino acids)
    Organic anions (citrate)
  33. 33Where is excess bicarbonate excreted?Kidneys
  34. 34Give 3 ways in which proton concentration can be regulated?1. Buffers in the body
    2. Respiratory centres respond to change in proton conc.
    3. Kidney can adjust proton conc
  35. 35What is the role of a buffer?Minimises the change in pH when acid or base is added.
  36. 36What is the definition of an acid and base?Acid: Proton donor
    Base: Proton acceptor
  37. 37What is an amphoteric buffer?React either way to change the pH
    (accept or donate protons)
  38. 38What is a pK value?Constant for a particular buffer
  39. 39What is the Henderson Hasselbalch equatiion?pH = pK + log [base]
    [acid]
  40. 40What is a buffer made up of?Chemicals in an equilibrium
  41. 41According to the Henderson Hasselbalch equation what is the pH of a solution determined by?The ratio of the concentrations of acid to base
  42. 42Under what conditions do large changes in proton do not have much of an effect on pH?pH = pK
  43. 43What is the normal concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood?24mmol
  44. 44Name the 6 whole body buffering systems.1. Dilution in whole body water
    2. Bufferng in blood
    3. Buffers in ECF
    4. Intracellular buffers
    5. Carbonate in bone
    6. Ion exchange in bone
  45. 45What is the main ECF buffer?Bicarbonate ions
  46. 46What is the most important intracellular buffer?Protein
  47. 47What is the enzyme used to speed up the reaction of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide?Carbonic anhydrase
  48. 48What are the 2 regulations in the equation of carbonic acid to either bicarbonate or carbon dioxide?Carbon dioxide is regulated by the lungs
    Bicarbonate/protons regulated by he kidneys
  49. 49What is pH proportional to?[HCO3-] (kidneys)
    pCO2 (Lungs)
  50. 50How do the lungs control pCO2?Varying respiratory rate
  51. 51How do the kidneys control protons in ECF?By producing acid or alkaline urine
    (varying proton secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption)
  52. 52Where in the kidney handles ph balance?Collecting duct
  53. 53What are the 2 types of intercalated cells in the tubule cells?Proton secreting cell
    Bicarbonate secreting cell
  54. 54Where is carbonic anhydrase found?In the brush border
  55. 55In bicarbonate secreting cells what is excreted in exchange for the bicarbonate?Chloride ions
  56. 56What kind of secretion occurs in the proton secreting cells?Selective
  57. 57What does the kidney have the ability to do in terms of the ions secreted?Change the relative amounts of protons and bicarbonate that is secreted.
  58. 58What are the 2 types of urinary buffers that are found?Inorganic phosphate
    Ammonia/ammonium
  59. 59What do urinary buffers do?Attenuate pH changes in urine and allow the excretion of more protons
  60. 60What are the 2 types of acid- base disturbances?Acidosis
    Alkalosis
  61. 61What is a rapid short term way of regulating pH?Compensation
  62. 62What is a long term way of returning bicarbonate ions and the pCO2 to normal levels?Correction
  63. 63What does acidosis mean?pH too low
    (roughly below 7.35)
  64. 64What does alkalosis mean?pH too high
    (roughly above 7.45)
  65. 65What is the main types of compensation?Largely buffers
    Respiratory function
  66. 66What is used for correction?Renal function
  67. 67What is affected in respiratory acid/base disturbance?Levels of CO2 change
  68. 68What occurs in non-respiratory acid/base disturbances?Metabolic disorders
  69. 69What is the normal pCO2?40mmHg
  70. 70What can be tested for to diagnose renal failure?Electrolyte imbalance
    Creatinine clearance
  71. 71What does a nomogram relate?Arterial blood pH
    Arterial plasma (bicarbonate concentration)
    pCO2

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BVSc 1. Alimentary and Renal (Physiology) Flashcards on pH regulation, created by Rachael Jones on 21/02/2016.
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Rachael Jones
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