Karteikarten
B5
Karten in diesem Stapel (122)
- 1What are the 4 advantages that an internal skeleton has over an external skeleton?Provides internal framework...grows with rest of body...flexible (has many joints)...allows easy attachment of muscles
- 2What does a long bone consist of?Long shaft containing bone marrow and blood vessels - hollow so stronger and lighter than other bones
- 3Why can cartilage on bone be infected?Because they are living tissues
- 4How does the human skeleton turn from cartilage (when baby) to bone?Through ossification
- 5What is ossification?The deposition of calcium and phophorous
- 6Why are older people more prone to fractures?They lack calcium and phosphorous which can lead to osteoporosis
- 7What do synovial joints (like ball and socket and hinge joints) consist of?Synovial fluid, a synovial membrane, ligaments and cartilage
- 8What are antagonistic muscles and give an exampleMuscles that work in pairs. E.g. Biceps and triceps (to raise arm biceps contract and triceps relax and vice versa)
- 9In a synovial joint, what does the synovial fluid do?Acts as a cushion against shock and as a lubricant for easy movement
- 10In a synovial joint, what does the synovial membrane do?Holds in the synovial fluid
- 11In a synovial joint, what does the cartilage do?Protects the bone head
- 12In a synovial joint, what does the ligaments do?Holds the bone in place
- 13What is raising and lowering the forearm an example of?A lever, with the elbow acting as a fulcrum (pivot) - effort is multiplied giving greater force
- 14Why do most animals need a blood circulatory system?To ensure all cells receive enough food and oxygen and to remove waste products
- 15What animal has a single circulatory system?Fish
- 16What does a double circulatory system require and why?A four chambered heart (two atria (receive blood) and two ventricles (distribute blood)). This ensures high blood pressure for efficient and fast circulation
- 17What does a single circulatory system require?A two-chambered heart, one two receive blood and one to distribute it
- 18What improvement did Harvey make on Galen's theories on the circulatory system?Galen knew that the heart was a pump, but thought that the liver made blood. Harvey came up with the correct theory we know today
- 19What is the definition of the cardiac cycle?The sequence of events as blood enters and leaves the heart
- 20Explain briefly the cardiac cycleTwo atria contract...two ventricles relax...blood goes in through atrio-ventricular valves...ventricles contract...force blood to lungs/body
- 21What hormone increases your heart rate and why was it useful for our ancestors?Adrenaline - kicks in 'fight or flight' descision
- 22What is a pacemaker?Keeps rhythm of heart using small electrical currents - can be made artificially
- 23What is an electrocardiogram?Shows the changes in electrical impulses in heart muscle
- 24What does the sinoatrial node (SAN) do?Makes atria contract...forces valves open and pushes blood into ventricles
- 25What does the atrioventricular node (AVN) do?It is a patch of muscle fibres...conducts impulses to special conducting muscle fibres (purkyne fibres) which carry the impulses to the tip of the ventricles
- 26What happens next?Two ventricles contract...closing AV valves...pushing blood out ventricles through open semilunar valves...into arteries...atria relax...fill with blood
- 27What do they mean by a 'hole in the heart' and how can this be corrected?A hole in wall between 2 sides of heart, through 'open heart' surgery
- 28Why is a 'hole in the heart' bad?It allows deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to mix meaning that less oxygenated blood is being carried to muscles meaning less energy
- 29What's different between the circulatory system of a unborn baby and a new born baby?An unborn baby doesn't have a double circulatory system (lungs don't work yet) so it has a hole in the heart which closes when born
- 30What does a heart with damaged or weak valves have?Low blood pressure and poor circulation (as blood will leak backwards)
- 31How can a blocked coronary artery be sorted out?Through surgery/a transplant
- 32How can major heart problems be sorted out?Transplant by donor heart or having a heart assist device which provides extra pressure (allowing heart to rest a bit and heal)
- 33What are the positive things about heart surgery?Artificial pacemakers and valves can improve lives drastically and tissue/heart donors are plentiful
- 34What are the negatives of heart surgery?Carries a lot of risk & to avoid rejection immune-suppressive drugs have to be taken
- 35What does blood donation involve?Blood from volunteer...anti-coagulant drugs...find blood group...find out if have rhesus
- 36What chemicals do doctors use to prevent the blood clotting?Heparin, warfarin, aspirin
- 37What are the people with the inherited condition, haemophilia, at risk of?Internal bleeding (even at the slightest knock) due to the blood not being able to clot
- 38What is the rhesus system?If you have the rhesus antigen you are positive, if you don't you are negative (A+ or A-)
- 39What is the process of blood clotting called?A cascade process
- 40Explain the process of clottingBlood platelets exposed to air...trigger complex sequence of chemical reactions...leads to meshwork of fibrin fibres (clot)
- 41What is agglutination and when does it take place?Blood clumping when different blood groups are incompatible.
- 42Why can agglutination be life-threatening?When red blood cells and blood plasma react
- 43What can blood group A donate to?A and AB
- 44What can blood group B donate to?B and AB
- 45What can blood group AB donate to?AB
- 46What can blood group O donate to?A, B, AB, O
- 47What group/s can blood group A receive from?A and O
- 48What group/s can blood group B receive from?B and O
- 49What group/s can blood group AB receive from?A, B, AB and O
- 50What group/s can blood group O receive from?O
- 51What type of habitats are amphibians restricted to?Moist
- 52What do amphibians use to obtain oxygen and what can this lead to?Their permeable skin which makes them more susceptible to excessive water loss (and death)
- 53Why don't fish gills work in air?Because it involves the water being forced over filaments which extract the oxygen
- 54What happens when a human breathes in?It depends on the contraction of the intercostal muscles. Ribs move up and out...diaphragm moves down...chest volume increases...pressure decreases...higher pressure outside causes air to enter lungs
- 55What happens when a human breathes out?Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax...ribs move down and in...diaphragm curves up...chest volume decreases...increases pressure...forces air out lungs
- 56Tidal airamount of air normally breathed in and out when at rest
- 57Vital capacitymaximum amount of air that can be exchanged
- 58Residual airamount of air that cannot be forced out of lungs
- 59why does diffusion occur in lungs?oxygen concentration in air is higher than in deoxygenated capillaries around the alveoli
- 60how are exchange surfaces adapted for their function?large surface area...good blood supply...permeable...moist...one cell thick
- 61What are the readings on a spirometer?A measure of different lung capacities and the rate of air flow. They can help to diagnose lung diseases.
- 62asbestosisan industrial disease resulting from breathing in asbestos fibres...causing inflammation...scarring of lung tissue...reducing gaseous exchange
- 63What happens when you get lung cancer?Lung cells grow rapidly, reducing surface area available for gaseous exchange
- 643 symptoms of asthmawheezing, tight chest, difficulty breathing
- 65How is the respiratory system different for fish (than it is for humans)? What does this mean?Fish - Through flow of water
Humans - Air goes in and out of structure....chemical particles like tar can become trapped in air sacs - 66What happens during an asthma attack?Lining of airways become inflamed, mucus and fluid build up and bronchioles contract, narrowing the airways
- 67Name 2 reasons why physical digestion is important-allows food pass easily through digestive system
-prepares food for chemical digestion (gives it larger S.A) - 68Give 2 forms of physical digestionChewing the food in your mouth and squeezing food in your stomach
- 69How and where is starch (carbohydrate) digested?By carbohydrase in the mouth and small intestine...converted to maltose...then to glucose
- 70How and where is protein digested?By protease in stomach and small intestine into amino acids
- 71How and where is fat digested?By lipase in the small intestine into fatty acids and glycerol
- 72How does pH vary with enzymes?Protease enzymes like pepsin need a low pH while other protease enzymes in mouth and small intestine need a higher pH
- 73What does the gall bladder store and what does it do with it?Bile, released into small intestine to emulsify fats, increasing their S.A for efficient digestion
- 74What do food molecules need to be able to do?Pass through walls of small intestine and dissolve in blood/lymph
- 75Where do the digested carbohydrates and protein molecules go?Diffuse through walls of small intestine into blood
- 76Where do the digested fat molecules go?Not soluble so diffuse though walls of small intestine into lymph
- 776 adaptations of small intestineVery long...large S.A due to villi...microvilli increase S.A...thin lining...good blood supply...extensive lymphatic system of lacteals which contain lymph
- 78What are excess and amino acids broken down into and where?In the liver they form urea, which is taken in the blood to the kidneys
- 79Where does blood containing waste go?enters each kidney via renal artery
- 80Where does blood not containing waste go?Leaves by renal vein
- 81What does each kidney have and how does waste leave the kidney?An outer cortex and an inner medulla ... leaves through ureter as urine
- 82What happens when the blood flows through the kidney under high pressure?Filtration happens (under high pressure) to remove wastes...useful materials like water, glucose and salt are reabsorbed back into blood
- 83What else does the kidney do?Regulates salt and water levels in body
- 84What is a nephron?A microscopic kidney tubule where filtration occurs (each kidney has millions of these)
- 85What is a glomerulus?A network of capillaries where high pressure filtration occurs
- 86What other regions does a nephron have?region where selective reabsorption happens (glucose passes into blood)...region of salt and water regulation
- 87What is a dialysis machine and what does it do?Used when someone has a kidney failure and acts as a replacement, filtering out urea and increasing pressure for diffusion
- 88What does dialysis fluid contain and why?Sodium salts to replicate desired blood concentration and keeps sodium levels in the blood
- 89How is urea made?excess amino acids converted into ammonia...converted by liver into urea
- 90What happens when you have a large drink of water?Quantity of urine production rises and urine concentration decreases
- 91What happens when you don't drink enough?Concentration of blood increases...high concentration detected by hypothalamus...pituitary gland releases ADH...kidney tubules reabsorb more water...more concentrated urine
- 92What happens when you drink too much water?Concentration of blood decreases...low concentration detected by hypothalamus...pituitary gland doesn't release as much ADH...kidney tubules reabsorb less water...more dilute urine
- 93Why must carbon dioxide be removed from the body?Because it's toxic
- 94How are carbon dioxide levels maintained?Increase in co2 detected by receptors in carotid artery...nerve impulses tell brain...rate of breathing increases...more co2 removed
- 95What are the 4 sex hormones used in the female menstrual cycle and where are they produced?FSH (stimulates egg to develop in ovary) - pituitary gland
LH (controls ovulation) - pituitary gland
Progesterone (maintains uterus wall) - ovaries
Oestrogen (repairs uterus wall) - ovaries - 96What controls the negative feedback system for the menstrual cycle?The receptors in the hypothalamus
- 97What happens to the levels of oestrogen and progesterone if fertilisation doesn't occur?They decrease
- 98When does menstruation occur (in terms of oestrogen and progesterone levels)?When oestrogen and progesterone levels are low
- 99Why, when an egg is fertilised, do progesterone levels stay high and no FSH is produced?So the uterus lining does not break down and so no more eggs develop
- 100How can artificial sex hormones control fertility?Prevents it by making the body think it's pregnant, stopping FSH production.
- 101Name 2 reasons for male and 2 reasons for female infertilityMale - not enough fertile sperm/sperm duct blocked
Female - no eggs developed or released/fallopian tubes being blocked - 102Name 6 treatments for infertility-artificial insemination(injecting sperm into uterus)
-using FSH to stimulate egg development
-IVF(egg is fertilised outside body)
-Egg donation
-Surrogacy(fertilised egg put in another woman)
-Ovary transplant - 103Which 3 treatments have big medical issues?egg donation, surrogacy, ovary transplants
- 1044 problems with IVFExpensive, low rate of success (25%), risk of multiple births and lower birth rate
- 105Name 2 ways in which baby abnormalities can be checked-Amniocentesis (extracting and testing cells in the amniotic fluid)
-Chromosomal analysis (testing blood for chromosome abnormalities) - 106What are the problems with foetal screening?Whether it's right to interfere with nature, whether an unborn foetus has the right to life, risk of foetus expulsion
- 107What can help increase growth?Balanced diet (calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, proteins) and regular excercise
- 108What are extremes of height caused by?hormone imbalance, genes
- 109What are the 5 main stages of growth?Infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity, old age
- 110Why are babies' growth usually monitored for the first 6 months?To check for any growth abnormalities
- 111Where is the human growth hormone produced?In the pituitary gland (stimulates growth mainly in long bones)
- 1125 factors for life expectancy growthbetter housing...healthier diets...healthier lifestyles...less industrial disease...more effective cures
- 113How does this life expectancy increase effect people on a personal level?May not be able to enjoy life fully if ill, less jobs for youth
- 114How does this life expectancy increase effect people on a national level?Burdens on health service and pension funds
- 115Why are their limited organs?Restricted by size, age, shortage of donors
- 1164 problems with mechanical replacementsdependence on power supply...properties of material...large size...body's reaction
- 117What can living donors donate?blood, bone marrow, kidney
- 1183 things that a dead donor can donatecornea, heart, liver
- 119Problems with dead donors-many not be 'brain dead'
-other ethical and religious issues - 120What 2 things are needed to ensure a successful transplant?-Tissue matching(avoid rejection)
-Immuno-suppressant drugs - 121What is an opt-out system?Some countries assume that they can take your organs when you die so you have to opt out of the system
- 122A problem with immuno-suppressive drugsCan lead to body not being able to protect itself from pathogens and other harmful micro-organisms
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- GCSE Biology (B5) Karteikarten am B5, erstellt von Anna Hollywood am 03/01/2014.
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