Karteikarten
Chapter 7
Karten in diesem Stapel (52)
- 1the idea that gender differences in language reflect different cultures of conversationdifference model
- 2the idea that gender differences in language reflect differences in access to power.dominance model
- 3when people use features that both they and their audience know are associated with another group, such as the other gender.dragging
- 4a social construct (status) associated with a range of characteristics of femininity and masculinity. It may refer to sex, social roles, or identity.gender
- 5in some languages, a way of classifying nouns as feminine, masculine, or neutergrammatical gender
- 6group settings typically comprised of one gender, such as fraternities, prisons, or religious orders.homosocial
- 7what is really being said or desired "between the lines" when something said is indirect.meta-message
- 8using language to build and maintain relationships.rapport style
- 9using language to communicate factual information.report style
- 10language usage that treats words that refer to men, or both men and women, as unmarked, while words that refer to women are marked.sexism
- 11the ability of speakers to control what they say or do and make choices, or perform aspects of their identity.speaker agency
- 12Adjustment speakers make in their speech to adapt it to features of their interlocutors speech.accommodation
- 13Variations in language regarding gender. Men tend to have larger vocal tracts and folds than females.gender variation
- 14A line drawn on a map to show the boundary of an area in which a linguistic feature is found.Isogloss
- 15In bilingual communities, speakers tend to speak each language in a particular setting depending on who they are talking to.Language choice
- 16The process by which the community of speakers of a language reduces significantly, and few children acquire it. Language death is the process whereby a language loses its entire community of speakers.Language endangerment/obsolescence/death
- 17Strategies developed to maintain use of an endangered or dying language.Language maintenance/revival
- 18The process by which habits of using a language in a bilingual community change over time increasingly favoring one of the languages, disfavoring the others. Language shift can result in language endangerment and death.Language shift
- 19Speech varieties or variations in speech that are associated with different contexts of use. e.g. scientific English, legalese, bureaucrateseregister variation
- 20A speech register used by a subgroup of speakers of a language to exclude outsiders, and to underline the separate social identity of members.secret varieties
- 21A speech register to show respect to an interlocutor or someone being spoken about.respect varieties
- 22Varieties of a language or variations in a language that are associated with different social groups, such as ages, geographical regions, social classes, religionssocial varieties
- 23A group of people who share a language or language variety and the norms for its use in social contexts.speech community
- 24A dialect of a language that is accepted by speakers as the most correct form, is promoted in schools, and is used in public writing and speech.standard dialect
- 25A variety or manner of speech associated with certain interpersonal contexts, and usually differing from other styles in degree of formality.style
- 26The variety of a language spoken by the high-status people of a society.prestige dialect
- 27The prestige variety of British English, so-called because the British Broadcasting Corporation uses it.BBC English
- 28An example of One of the phonological characteristics of some varieties of African American English./r/ and /l/ deletion
- 29The rule for reducing a consonant cluster to a single consonant. In SAE, this rule applies to clusters in the word final position that are followed by a word beginning in a consonant; in AAE, it occurs when the following word begins with either a vowel or consonant.consonant cluster reduction
- 30The coupling verb and is most often forms to the verb "to be".copula
- 31The dominant language; a large part of the vocabulary of a pidgin language comes from this language.superstrate language
- 32The native language of the subordinate people learning the dominant language; they retain many of the syntactic features of this language.substrate language
- 33When a language that had not been anyone's language becomes the native language for a generation of speakers.navitization
- 34Styles of speech that are appropriate to the situation, the level of formality, and the person being spoken to.registers
- 35A phonological rule that shifts the pronunciation of a diphthong to a monophthong Ex: "like" pronounced as /layk/ in SAE, pronounced as "lak" in some AAEMonophthongization
- 36Theory that Holds that language influences people to think certain ways according to linguistic categoriesWeaker Theory
- 37Theory of linguistic relativism that holds that language compels people to think according to linguistic categories Our thought is "at the mercy" of our languageLinguistic determinism or the strong theory
- 38Proposed that people of different cultures think and behave differently because the languages they speak influence them to do soSapir-Whorf hypothesis
- 39A basic tenet of cultural anthropology; it is the idea that a culture is consistent and comprehensible within itselfcultural relativism
- 40The role assumed by a cultural anthropologist, or ethnographer, who is living within a group and studying their cultureParticipant observer
- 41Short questions like "isn't it?" and "don't you?" that are added to the end of declarative statementsTag question
- 42Other taboo words that express affective meaningExpletives
- 43Slang words that have cultural rules restricting their use. Some of these are for bodily functions and body partsTaboo words
- 44Newly coined words or those that have never been completely accepted in formal speechSlang words
- 45Styles of speech that are appropriate to the situation, the level of formality, and the person being spoken to Ex: Where is the pizza? vs. Where's the pizza at? Ex: Are you going to school today? vs. Going to school today?Registers
- 46The use of more than one negative word to negate a sentencedouble negation
- 47A characteristic of AAE and many other varieties of English. The negative word can appear before the noun, verb, and modifiersmultiple negation
- 48In AAE, "it" replaces the existential "there" in SAE Ex: "There's a bow on the dress" becomes "It's a bow on the dress"Existential "it"
- 49In AAE preserve the word order of direct questions Direct question: What is the price? Indirect: I want to know what the price is. AAE: I want to know what is the priceIndirect questions
- 50Allows verbs to be deleted if they can be contracted in SAE Ex: SAE: He's a great guy. AAE: He a great guyVerb deletion
- 51voiced and voiceless "th" in many varieties of AAE are replaced by /d/ and /t/, and in other varieties by /v/ and /f/Interdental fricatives
- 52—
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