Karteikarten
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- 1What are the equine castration indications?-Behavior control
-Testicular trauma
-testicular neoplasia
-crptochadism
-inguinal hernias - 2What is the optimal age to castrate?When the horse is a foal to prevent serious hemorrhages
- 3When in the year is it best to castrate the horse?During spring or autumn due to lack of flies
- 4What should happen pre castration op?a full clinical exam, the horse should be let down- fed reduced concentrates for 5-10 days prior to sx, a scrotal exam should be done ensuring there are two and checking for signs of inguinal herniation.
- 5How many horses will randomly die within days of a GA?0.8%
- 6What are the options for castration surgery in a horse?-Open (standing)
-Closed (GA)
-Semi closed aka German technique
-cyptorchid
-laproscopic - 7What three things should be administered to the horse prior to castration?-5000 iu of tetanus anti toxin
-10 000- 20 00 IU/Kg procaine penicillin
-NSAIDs - 8Why isn't open castration done under GA?The increased abdominal pressure as the horse stands often leads to eventration
- 9What are the 5 things that are required of the horse before agreeing to do an open castration?-Height reasonable (don't do beneath a Shetland)
-2 testicles
-no hernia
-reasonably quiet - 10What is the mix of drugs which should be given before a standing castration?detomidine + butorphanol (domesedan and torbugesic), romifidine (sedivet) or xylazine (rompun) can replace domesedan
- 11How should the testicles be prepared for a castration?a full surgical scrub (chlorhexidine or povidon iodine) then 10-15ml of 2% lidocain should be injected into each testicle and 5ml into the inisional line.
- 12How is an open castration carried out?Start with the testicle that is furthest away from you.
Squeeze the testicle that is furthest away from you into the bottom of the scrotum.
Make an incision 1-2cm lateral to the median raphe (this is the dark line on midline between the two scrotal sacs). Make your incision from cranial to caudal through the skin, dartos, external spermatic fascia and tunics. (It does not matter if you penetrate the testicle itself)
Exteriorise the testicle which will hang down at this stage. This is because the cremastor inserts on the parietal tunic (vaginal tunic) and by incising through this the action of the muscle on the testicle is eliminated.In the young animal it is possible to emasculate the entire cord.
In a mature animal it is important to break through the mesorchium with a finger and separate vascular and non-vascular portions
(a) Put the emasculator on the caudal non-vascular portion, this contains the ductus deferens (hard cord-like feel) and deferential artery and vein (these are v. small and there is usually no haemorrhage)
(b) Put the emasculator on the cranial vascular portion which contains the testicular artery and vein and hold it in place for1-2 minutes - 13How long should it take for the wounds of an open castration take to heal1-2 weeks
- 14What are the positives and negatives of standing castration?positives; quick, cheaper, less risky
disadvantages; increased risk of eventration, increased risk of infection. - 15What is the closed castration technique?(1) Place the animal in dorsal recumbency clipping (if necessary) and scrubbing as before
(2) Grasp the scrotum below the first testicle and incise the skin and dartos only, take care not to incise the tunica vaginalis. (same incision site as open castration)
There are some large pudendal vessels in this area, do not penetrate them!!
(3) Put the scalpel down and bluntly dissect through the spermatic fascia until you reach the tunica vaginalis which is shiny and white (a dry swab will greatly help this blunt dissection)
(4) Break the scrotal ligament and exteriorise the testicle exposing the cremastor. Using digital pressure, separate the cremastor from the tunic and emasculate it as proximal as possible (the cremastor may be ligated in large mature horses).
(5) Check for herniation within the tunic.
(6) Twist the testicle within the tunic two or three times before apply a transfixing ligature with a thick absorbable suture material (4 metric PDS 11 is ideal) through the whole cord as close as possible to the external inguinal ring.
(7) Emasculate about 2cm distal to the ligature REMEMBER NUT TO NUT.
(8) The skin can be sutured if the surgery was carried out with strict asepsis but in the field is generally left open. - 16What are the advantages and disadvantages of closed castration?advantages; reduced risk of eventraion, infection and haemorhage
disadvantages; takes longer, GA risk and expence - 17What are the advantages of the german technique?Reduced swelling and risk of infection
- 18Which horses should receive the german technique?Older horses
- 19What is the post operative management of castration?-Do not allow near mares for 2-3 weeks
-pasture rest or walk in hand 10 mins 2-3 times a day.
-Anti inflammatory for 2-3 days - 20What are the main castration complications to be aware of?-Haemorrhage
-eventration
-schirrous chord
-champingon
-oedma
-teanus
-clostridia (gangreen)
-cystic chord
-cut proud - 21What are the three types of vessel that the horse can be haemorrhaging from?Artery (bright red pumping blood)
vein (dark red flowing blood)
Capillary (oozing blood) - 22If the horse starts bleeding >48 hours post surgery what is usually the cause?infection
- 23how can hemorrhage due to castration be prevented?- ligate all older animals
-Operate in the morning to allow observation
- Ensure animal is being well supervised
-emasculate correctly
-Use a sterile technique - 24When should a haemorrhage post castration be investigated?If it has been >24-48 hours or the drops of blood can no longer be counted
- 25How should haemorrhage be treated?If mild to moderate pack with gauze and place a matras suture in to hold in place for 48 hours, he other option is to grab the tunic and blindly search for vascular portion then ligate- note this requires putting your had between the hoses head this technique can also be done under GA, for severe and uncontrollable hemorrhage laprascopic treatment is needed.
- 26If eventration is going occur when will it be happen?<6 days post surgery
- 27what structures may eventrate?omentum, small intestine
- 28How is eventration of the omentum treated?the sight should be cleaned up and the portion emasculated, can pack the inguinal ring with gauze though rarely necessary
- 29How should eventration of the intestines be treated?if the intestines have been trodden on pts. If not put the intestine into a sterile drape then place in a plastic bag, secure that the horse with tape/bandage. Refer and give antibiotics + analgesics
- 30How should oedema be treated?-if sever break down the wound allowing drainage
-cold hose the area for 10 mins at a time regularly
-pasture rest or walk the horse for 10 mins 2-3 times a day
-1-2g phenylbutazone sid - 31How should an infection be treated post castration?treat as for oedema plus a combo of penacillin, gentamiacin and metronidazole
- 32What is the cause of schirrhous chord?staph aureas
- 33what is schirrous chord aka?botriomycosis
- 34What increases the risk of the horse getting schrrious chord post castration?Non absorbable suture material
- 35How is schirrhous chord treated?7 day course of antibiotics then ressection under GA
- 36What is the cause of champignon?Streptococcal infection
- 37How is champingon treated?amputation under GA
- 38What is gangrene?Malignant oedema
- 39What is gangrene caused by?clostridium perfringens (novyi, welchii or septicum)
- 40How long does it take for gangrene to kill a horse?24 hours.
- 41what are the signs of gangrene?profound toxaemia and a foul exudate
- 42How should gangrene be treated?Large does IV penicillin, deride using peroxide and and topical antibiotics. This carries a guarded prognosis
- 43What is cystic chord also known as?hydrocele or vaginocele
- 44When does cystic chord usually occur?months post castration
- 45What are the signs of cystic chord?fluctuating painless scrotal swelling which is often mobile
- 46how is cystic chord treated?amputation if causing an issue
- 47What is cut proud?it is where the epididimus is left in tact, it is diagnosed by palpation of it in the sac
- 48How is cut proud treated?surgical removal
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- Bvms Equine (Equine castration) Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von buzzybea1 am 23/02/2014.
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