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Gene Technology & Inheritance

Minoshka Bocarro Biology Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Englisch 78 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (78)

  1. 1Genetic engineering/Genetic ModificationThe insertion of piece or fragment of DNA from another organism
  2. 2Recombinant DNA moleculeA combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined
  3. 3DNA cloningMaking identical copies of the plasmid including the foreign gene
  4. 4Genomic DNAThe entire complement of DNA in a cell
  5. 5Plasmid DNAA circle of double-stranded DNA found occurring naturally in bacterial cells, self replicating (independent)
  6. 6Vector DNAA specialized DNA sequence which can enter a cell
  7. 7Kilobase1000 bases whihc are in DNA adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
  8. 8Restriction enzymesA.K.A endonucleases. A group of enzymes produced by bacteria which detect and cut (hydrolyses) DNA at a specific recognition sites (particular base sequences)
  9. 9Recognition sequenceA sequence of bases in DNA at which a specific restriction enzyme cuts
  10. 10ElectrophorsisA method of separating large molecules such as NA from a mixture of similar molecules on the bases of molecular weight and charge. Usually works due to DNA's negativity as it is attracted to the positive charge at the other end, away from the wells.
  11. 11AgaroseA compound extracted from seaweed which acts as a molecular sieve for separating nucleic acid fragments in gel electrophoresis
  12. 12Polymerase chain reactionA method for amplifying specific DNA sequences using a technique which uses the principles of DNA replication. Often used prior to cutting by restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis in order to get enough of the DNA
  13. 13DNA polymerseAn enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands from template DNA, by helping to bind nucleotides
  14. 14PolymorphismsThe collective varieties of forms in traits (more than one)
  15. 15Restriction fragment length polmorphismsRFLPs are lengths of DNA that have been cut with restriction enzymes
  16. 16Law of Independent Assortment*Distribution of one pair of alleles from one gene not being influenced by the presence of a second pair of alleles from a second gene. During meiosis when gametes receive only one copy of each chromosome from each homologous pair
  17. 17DNA ProfilingIdentifying an organism by means of the base sequence of its DNA which is compared to a known standard. Can be used to establish identity and make comparisons
  18. 18PalindromicThe symmetrical order of bases that allows the restriction enzymes to cut at the front and back/can be read backwards and forwards due to DNA's complementry base pairing
  19. 19Blunt endsEnds which do not have free single stranded nucleotides at the site it was cut with a restriction enzyme
  20. 20DNA ligaseStabilize the recombined molecule by forming the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
  21. 21Restriction fragment length polymorphismsVariations in DNA fragments that result from mutations, which can be detected using restriction enzymes and probes to determine these variations between the DNA of individuals
  22. 22Gel electrophoresisTechnique for separating fragments of DNA along a gel according to size, driven by a voltage drop
  23. 23Southern BlotAlso known as hybridization.
    A process in which DNA fragments are hybridized to a radioactive probe so that they may be identified
  24. 24Gene therapyA genetic engineering procedure designed to correct a genetic disorder.
    A healthy gene is produced to take the place of the non-functional gene in the body (can be repaired or introduce a healthy gene consequently altering proteins).
    CANNOT BE INHERITED
  25. 25VectorsA thing that has the ability to be used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell e.g. virus, plasmid (bacterial)
  26. 26Gene delivery systemsMicro-injection of DNA into an egg cell and other techniques using plasmids or viruses
  27. 27Genetic TransformationThe process in which DNA from another organism is accepted-taken up- into the genome of an organism (usually a bacteria)
  28. 28Recombinant DNADNA that has been deliberately manipulated in laboratories by isolating, cutting and recombining as a means of altering its structure and function
  29. 29PlasmidsGenetic elements that replicate independently and more frequently than bacterial DNA and can also be isolated from bacterial cells
  30. 30Gene CloningProduction of many identical copies of a gene
  31. 31DNA SequencingThe determination of the base sequence of a gene using restriction enzymes and nucleotides that are fluorescent
  32. 32Polymerase Chain ReactionA procedure in which the enzyme DNA polymerase is use to clone, copy exactly, and amplify a specific sequence of DNA without the need for a specific cell
  33. 33DNA amplicficationTo make millions of pure copies of a DNA strand
  34. 34DenaturationFirst step in PCR where the two DNA molecules separate at 95 degrees Celsius
  35. 35AnnealingSecond step in PCR where the primers bind to their complementary DNA strands
  36. 36DNA PrimersUsed in PCR to give Taq polymerase a 3'OH starting point
  37. 37ProbeA radioactively labelled, single-stranded segment of DNA that is used to identify complementary sequences in DNA genes
  38. 38BlottingThe act of picking up a smear of fragments onto a nitrocellulose filter paper
  39. 39GenotypeThe particular range of combinations of alleles of each gene present in an individual. The genetic profile of an individual
  40. 40PhenotypeAn observable form of a characteristic or trait, physical or physiological
  41. 41AllelesDifferent forms of a gene that arise as a result of utation
  42. 42HomozygousDescription of a cell or an organism in which the alleles of its genes for a particular trait are identical
  43. 43HomozygoteAn individual that has a homozygous genotype
  44. 44HeterozygousDescription of a cell or an organism in which the alleles of its genes for a particular trait are different
  45. 45Hetero-zygoteAn organism whose genotype is heterozygous
  46. 46Wild TypeThe genotype and the phenotype that is most commonly observed in natural populations of organisms
  47. 47Mutant alleleThe genotype and phenotype that occur rarely in a natural environment
  48. 48DominanceAlong with recessiveness it is the properties that prevail in the phenotype
  49. 49Dominant phenotypeThe phenotype that is observed in the hetero-zygote and one homozygote
  50. 50Ressive phenotypeOnly observed in the homozygous condition
  51. 51EpidemiologyStudy of patterns in populations from a broad range of perspective, including genetics, disease, social and environmental factors
  52. 52Polygenic inheritanceA group of genes at more than one locus that cumulatively affect the overall expression of one phenotypic characteristic
  53. 53Discontinuous variationAlternative phenotypes are distinctly different or discrete from each other
  54. 54Continuous variationVariation of a characteristic in a population that is controlled by a number of genes
  55. 55Stud bookA journal that records the crosses between individual organisms over generations
  56. 56Principle of PentranceAn allele does not always express the allele phenotypically
  57. 57Test crossA deliberate cross between two organisms to determine whether one of the individuals is heterozygous or homozygous for a particular dominant trait. Carried out between an organism that has a known homozygous recessive genotype at that particular lotus and another organism that represents the dominant phenotype
  58. 58Complete dominanceWhere one allele is expressed over another in a heterozygote
  59. 59Incomplete dominanceThe condition where both alleles of a gene are expressed in the phenotype but they are both only partially expressed
  60. 60CodominanceThe quality of two heterozygous alleles that are fully expressed in the phenotype
  61. 61Regulatory geneControls other genes required fro the correct differentiation of tissues
  62. 62Recessive lethalWhere a recessive homozygote does not survive
  63. 63Monohybrid crossA cross between two individuals involving a single genetic locus
  64. 64Pure breeding straind
  65. 65Filial GenerationsF1 -
    F2 -
  66. 66Principle of Seggregationd
  67. 67Principle of Independent Assortmentd
  68. 68Dihybrid crossA cross between two individuals each involving two genetic loci
  69. 69Pedigree analysisDetermination of the pattern of inheritance of a condition (or disease) by reference to a family tree in which the presence or absence of the condition is recorded over generations
  70. 70Sex-limited inheritanceTraits that can only occur in one sex because the feature affected is unique to that sex
  71. 71Sex-linked inheritanceThe inheritance pattern determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes
  72. 72Gene complexGenes which are tightly linked and recombination rarely occurs between the loci
  73. 73MarkerA gene closely linked to another gene
  74. 74LinkageTendency for two or more genes to be located on the same chromosome to be inherited together
  75. 75Parental typeGamets of allele combinations are the same as the alleles from the parents
  76. 76Recombinant gametesAlleles in gametes that carry a combination of alleles not observed in the parents
  77. 77Stem cellsHave the ability to differentiate into different types of cells (immature)
    Embryo=high potency (unlimited)
    Adult=low potency (limited as it can only differentiate into cells in the area it originated from
  78. 78selective breedingchoosing what phenotype is desirable and breeding the organisms with those traits together to get the desired offspring
    (less variation)

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Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Biology (Unit 4 AOS 1 - Inheritance & Gene Technology) Karteikarten am Gene Technology & Inheritance, erstellt von Minoshka Bocarro am 09/08/2016.
Erstellt von
Minoshka Bocarro
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