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Book 2 Glossary

Mikki M S377 Englisch 165 Karten

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  1. 1activatorsProteins that activate transcription; usually by binding to specific DNA sequences in a gene promoter.
  2. 2aggregationThe consequences of exposure of hydrophobic areas of polypeptide chains or their partial degradation products in the aqueous cell environment; wherein they coalesce and eventually precipitate within a cell. The resultant formations are commonly found in human neurodegenerative diseases.
  3. 3alternative splicingThe splicing of different combinations of exons of a pre-mRNA that can result in the synthesis of different polypeptides or mRNAs with different stabilities. Also called differential splicing.
  4. 4aminoacyl synthasesEnzymes that are responsible for tRNA charging; i.e. the joining of the appropriate tRNA molecule to its corresponding amino acid. There is one such enzyme for each of the 20 amino acids incorporated into proteins.
  5. 5anaphase AThe subdivision of anaphase that involves the initial poleward movement of chromosomes on the spindle.
  6. 6anaphase BThe subdivision of anaphase during which the spindle poles separate further apart; moving towards the cell cortex.
  7. 7anaphase promoting complex (APC)A complex of proteins whose activation triggers the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The activated complex both stimulates the ubiquitination of cyclins and the release of the inhibition on securin.
  8. 8anaphaseThe phase of mitosis when sister chromatids separate from each other and migrate towards the poles of the spindle.
  9. 9aneuploidA deviation from the normal copy number of chromosomes within a cell; resulting from an unequal segregation of chromosomes between the daughter cells before cell division (e.g. one chromosome too few or too many).
  10. 10ARS elementsAutonomously replicating sequence elements - short DNA segments that confer the ability to replicate upon small circular plasmid DNAs (serving as replication origins) in yeast cells.
  11. 11astral microtubulesThese microtubules radiate from the microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) toward the cell cortex. The action of motor proteins on these microtubules plays an important role in the movement of the spindle poles in anaphase B.
  12. 12attenuationA regulatory mechanism found in some prokaryotic operons that utilizes the availability of an amino acid for translation to regulate its own biosynthetic pathways.
  13. 13sheet DNA binding domainsDNA binding protein domains composed of sheet structures.
  14. 14Barr bodyA microscopically visible body formed by the highly condensed; transcriptionally inactivated X chromosome in the cells of female mammals.
  15. 15base excision repairThe process of scanning and removal of single damaged bases or nucleotides; particularly depurinated or deaminated bases. The bases are removed by a family of enzymes called DNA glycolyases.
  16. 16binary fissionThe simple division of a cell into two daughter cells following genome replication in prokaryotes.
  17. 17-35 boxA region within the prokaryotic gene promoter that is important for promoter activity and RNA polymerase complex assembly.
  18. 18branch migrationThe migration of a strand exchange event between two duplex DNA chains along the paired DNA chains. This allows a site of recombination to move along paired chromosomes in meiosis.
  19. 19calreticulinA lectin protein that is attached to the lumenal face of the ER membrane. It plays a role in protein folding pathways by assisting with the retention of immature proteins (not fully folded) which carry glucose units on the ends of their glycosyl chains.
  20. 205' capA nucleotide linked to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs; which influences translational efficiency and protects against mRNA degradation. It is the first modification to be made following transcription and is the addition of a 7-methylguanosine residue (m7G) via three phosphate groups to the 5' terminus of the pre-mRNA (the primary mRNA transcript) in an unusual 5' to 5' linkage. It is therefore also called the m7G cap.
  21. 21CCAAT boxA core consensus sequence forming part of a eukaryotic gene promoter; which plays a role in RNA polymerase assembly.
  22. 22centrioleA cellular structure consisting of two small cylindrical structures composed of tubulin; oriented at right angles to each other. They are components of the centrosome; the organelle responsible for nucleating microtubule production during cell division.
  23. 23centrosomeThe microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) found in animal cells; which is involved in assembly and maintenance of microtubules.
  24. 24centrosome matrixA cloud of diffuse material surrounding the centrioles. It is within this matrix that the microtubules of the spindle appear to nucleate.
  25. 25checkpointsThe series of checks that a cell performs as it progresses through the cell cycle. If they are not satisfied; the cell is inhibited from progressing further.
  26. 26class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)Proteins that are responsible for the transport of a sample of short peptides derived by proteasome degradation of misfolded or recycled proteins; from within the cell to the cell surface. Here; these peptides are displayed to passing cells of the immune system. This allows the entire internal contents of cells to be screened to allow for the detection of any foreign antigens; which are indicative of infection.
  27. 27cohesinsThe protein complexes that bind sister chromatids together.
  28. 28condensinsProteins that facilitate the condensation of new replicated genomic DNA into visible chromosomes.
  29. 29congressionThe process in which chromosomes associate with the spindle microtubules and are moved to the spindle equator.
  30. 30consensus sequenceA generalized nucleotide sequence derived from comparisons of closely related DNA sequences from many places within or between genomes.
  31. 31contractile ringA structure composed of actin filaments; myosin II filaments and other structural and regulatory proteins that forms beneath the cell surface and brings about cytokinesis.
  32. 32coordinated synthesisThe antiparallel structure of DNA; combined with the requirement for synthesis to be in the 5' to 3' direction; means that DNA polymerase in the moving replication fork has to synthesize DNA on one strand in the direction opposite to its progress along a chromosome. To get around this problem; two DNA polymerases are combined at the replication fork and the synthesis of each strand is coordinated; both polymerases progressing in the same direction at the replication fork.
  33. 33copy repairAlso called recombinational repair; this is the process wherein a region of DNA is repaired by synthesis; utilizing a strand of another duplex DNA as a template. This can occur immediately after replication; with the sister chromatid or; in the absence of replication; from the homologous chromosome.
  34. 34core histone octamerThe structure that comprises two each of the core histone proteins H2A; H2B; H3 and H4.
  35. 35co-translational foldingThe term used to describe the folding of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain as it is being synthesized on the ribosome; i.e. as it emerges from the tunnel on the ribosome.
  36. 36co-translational localizationThe term used to describe the first stage in the localization of a newly synthesized polypeptide to cellular subcompartments or for export from the cell. Proteins destined for certain compartments are actively synthesized across the ER membrane and are processed for downstream destinations.
  37. 37cyclinsProteins that regulate the activity of cyclin-dependant kinases through binding with the Cdk to form a ???-Cdk complex. Levels of these proteins increase and decrease as the cell cycle proceeds.
  38. 38cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs)Proteins that inhibit cyclin-Cdk complex activity. This is achieved through direct binding; thus preventing the formation of the active complex.
  39. 39cyclin-Cdk complexThe complex that is formed when a cyclin binds to its partner cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk). The activity of the complex regulates progression through the cell cycle by activating or inhibiting other proteins. The complex is active in the dephosphorylated form.
  40. 40cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)A family of phosphorylating enzymes that regulate progress of the cell cycle.
  41. 41cytokinesisThe division of the cytoplasm following nuclear division; which produces two daughter cells.
  42. 42differential splicingThe splicing of different combinations of exons of a pre-mRNA that can result in synthesis of different polypeptides or mRNAs with different stabilities. Also called alternative splicing.
  43. 43DNA helicaseAn enzyme whose function is to 'unwind' the DNA helix. The activity of this enzyme is required for genomic DNA synthesis; during recombination and during transcription in eukaryotes.
  44. 44DNA polymerasesThe group of enzymes that synthesize new DNA strands on existing template DNA strands. They operate in the 5' to 3' direction; require a free 3'-OH and control the fidelity of nucleotide insertion through base-pairing specificity and the ability of the polymerase active site to detect mispaired bases.
  45. 45DNA primaseThe enzyme whose function is to synthesize the short primer RNA chain that will provide the necessary 3'-OH from which replicative synthesis by DNA polymerases will commence.
  46. 46dyneinsA family of microtubule-binding motor proteins that bind to and move towards the minus end of a microtubule. These proteins will tend to bring microtubules to a focus; with their minus ends in together. They are one of the two families of motor proteins that move vesicles along microtubules.
  47. 47elongation factor (EF)The term used to describe the ancillary protein that assists with the elongation phase of translation through binding to a charged tRNA. The protein responds to the appropriate pairing of the tRNA anticodon with the mRNA codon by releasing the tRNA-amino acid into the ribosome peptide linkage site.
  48. 48enhancersDNA sequences that elevate transcription rate in a position- and orientation independent manner. These sequences are often active only in specific cell types; and at specific developmental stages.
  49. 49epigeneticThe term applied to describe modifications to chromatin or DNA that are inherited as cells divide. These include core histone modifications and DNA methylation.
  50. 50euchromatinThe regions of the genome that contain most of the genes.
  51. 51exosomeA complex of proteins that degrades RNA molecules exonucleolytically in the 3' to 5' direction.
  52. 52extrachromosomal replicationThe term used to describe replication of DNA elements (usually plasmid DNAs or viruses) that occurs outside the chromosomal DNA of an organism.
  53. 53frameshift mutationA mutation that causes a shift in the three-base; non-overlapping; reading frame of an ORF. This generally occurs through the insertion or deletion of either one or two nucleotides.
  54. 54halt signal sequenceA short section of a polypeptide chain that signals for a halt in the transfer of the growing chain across the ER membrane; by directing detachment of the ribosome from the ER surface.
  55. 55helix-loop-helix (HLH)A protein motif found in many transcription factors; composed of a loop of unstructured chain interspersed between two a helices. The loop allows two proteins to interact with each other; a common formation during transcription factor dimerization.
  56. 56hemi-methylatedThe state of a DNA duplex when one of the two strands carries bases that have been modified; whereas the other strand does not. Such a situation arises immediately after DNA replication; hemi-methylated DNA serves to direct methylation of the other strand.
  57. 57heterochromatinLate replicating parts of the genome; largely containing highly repetitive DNA; and few genes. It has a more highly compacted chromatin structure.
  58. 58Holliday structureThe arrangement of the four DNA strands after strand invasion; but before the recombination event has been resolved by strand cleavage. These structures can migrate along paired duplexes by branch migration.
  59. 59homeotic genesA class of genes that; when mutated; cause a transformation of one body part to another; homologous; part.
  60. 60homologous recombinationThe term used to describe the process of strand exchange that occurs between sequences of identical (or near identical) DNA sequence. As a technique; the term is used to describe the targeted alteration to a DNA sequence through the insertion or deletion of a fragment of DNA.
  61. 61importin AA component of the pathway by which proteins are imported into the nucleus. This protein recognizes a nuclear localization polypeptide sequence and binds to the protein. Import occurs through interaction with importin B and the Ran protein.
  62. 62importin BA component of the pathway by which proteins are imported into the nucleus. A complex of this component and the Ran protein (carrying GTP) recognizes and binds to proteins bound to importin A and effects nuclear import.
  63. 63initiator tRNA (tRNAi)A specific tRNA molecule used only for the initiation of translation. In prokaryotes the molecules carry the modified amino acid formylmethionine; whereas in eukaryotes they carry methionine. The molecules interact with a specific initiation factor before binding to the ribosome.
  64. 64insulator elementA DNA sequence that; when located between an enhancer and a gene promoter; prevents the enhancer from influencing transcription from that promoter.
  65. 65internal ribosome entry site (IRES)This is a site within a eukaryotic mRNA that lies further from the normal ATG translation initiation site at which translation initiation can occur. IRES initiated translation will generate a truncated protein relative to that synthesized from the full-length mRNA.
  66. 66interphaseThe state of the cell prior to cell division. It includes the G1; S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
  67. 67interpolar microtubulesThe microtubules that extend from each microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) inwards towards the equator of the cell; overlapping with microtubules originating at the opposite MTOC.
  68. 68kinesinA family of microtubule-binding motor proteins that bind to and move toward the plus end of a microtubule. One of the two families of motor proteins that move vesicles along microtubules. (B2; B3)
  69. 69kinetochore microtubulesMicrotubules that extend from the microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) to the kinetochore.
  70. 70kinetochoreA disc-shaped structure that is attached to the centromere and is the point at which the chromosome is attached to the mitotic spindle.
  71. 71knock-inA term that is commonly used to describe the insertion of a segment of DNA into a target (usually chromosomal) gene by homologous recombination. It generally refers to modifications made to genes that leave them functional; but modified in some way.
  72. 72knock-outA term that is commonly used to describe the process whereby a segment of a chromosomal gene is destroyed; removing the function of the gene from the cell. This is commonly achieved by targeting segments of DNA that block transcription or translation; or by deleting a segment of the target gene.
  73. 73Kozak sequenceA short sequence of ribonucleotides within a eukaryotic mRNA chain; lying upstream from the ATG initiation codon; which assists with translation by directing initiation at the ATG site by the scanning initiation complex.
  74. 74lagging strandThe strand of DNA that is replicated in small segments and lags behind replication on the leading strand.
  75. 75lectinsThe general term used to describe a class of adhesion molecules that bind glycosyl (i.e. carbohydrate) chains (and therefore the proteins they are attached to). Calreticulin is an example.
  76. 76leading strandThe strand of a duplex DNA chain that is replicated continuously by a DNA polymerase during replication.
  77. 77M phase promoting factor (MPF)The original name for cyclin B-dependent kinase (cyclin B- Cdk1). Cyclin B-Cdk1 activity controls entry in mitosis.
  78. 78m7G capA 7-methylguanosine residue (m7G) linked via three phosphate groups to the 5' terminus of the pre-mRNA (the primary mRNA transcript); which influences translational efficiency and protects against mRNA degradation. Also called simply the 5' cap.
  79. 79metaphaseThe phase of mitosis when the condensed chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the mitotic spindle.
  80. 80metaphase plateThe arrangement of chromosomes when aligned at the spindle equator.
  81. 81microtubule organizing centre (MTOC)The organelle in the cell that nucleates (i.e. initiates) the formation of microtubules. In animal cells this is called the centrosome; whilst in yeast it is called the spindle pole body (SPB).
  82. 82mismatch repairThe process by which bases within a duplex DNA chain that are mispaired (i.e. not paired A-T or G-C) are removed and repaired. This involves a family of mismatch repair proteins which detect and target the mispair for replacement by resynthesis.
  83. 83mitotic arrestThe disruption of progress of the cell cycle brought about by a chemical treatment or as a result of a checkpoint.
  84. 84mitotic spindleThe microtubule complex appearing during mitosis and meiosis in most eukaryotic cells. The microtubules extend from two centrosomes at opposite poles of the dividing cell. The minus ends of the microtubules are stabilized by association with the centrosome; the plus ends projecting from opposite poles overlap in the centre of the cell and are cross-linked by microtubule-associated proteins; thereby stabilizing them and preventing depolymerization. This structure is critical to the separation of the chromatids during mitosis and meiosis.
  85. 85nonsense-mediated decay (NMD)A translation-associated pathway which recognizes the presence of aberrant or premature stop codons within an ORF of a eukaryotic mRNA. It targets such mRNAs for degradation.
  86. 86'non-stop' decayThe process whereby eukaryotic mRNAs with no stop codons are degraded in the cell. The stalled mRNA-ribosome complex is recognized and the mRNA targeted for degradation.
  87. 87nuclear envelope (NE)A highly complex structure that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double membrane and a protein scaffold; or nuclear lamina.
  88. 88nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD)The disassembly of the nuclear envelope in mitosis.
  89. 89nuclear export signal (NES)A short stretch of amino acid residues within a polypeptide that directs its export; via a shuttling protein; from the nucleus.
  90. 90nuclear laminsThe structural proteins that comprise the nuclear lamina. During NEBD; the nuclear lamina breaks down and the proteins become dispersed within the cytosol; some remaining associated with membrane components.
  91. 91nuclear laminaA component of the nuclear envelope found beneath the double membrane and consisting of a network of structural proteins called lamins.
  92. 92nuclear localization signal (NLS)A short sequence of amino acid residues within the N-terminal region of a polypeptide chain that is recognized by importin A and targets the polypeptide for transport into the nucleus.
  93. 93nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)The pore complexes in the nuclear membrane that regulates the movement of macromolecules to or from the nucleoplasm; including transcription factors; RNA molecules such as mRNA and tRNA; chromatin proteins and components of the replication; repair and transcription machinery.
  94. 94nucleotide excision repair (NER)DNA damage that distorts the helix structure is detected by these proteins; which trigger the recruitment of two endonucleases that remove a portion of the affected DNA strand.
  95. 95Okazaki fragmentsThe small nucleic acid chains that are formed during replicative DNA synthesis on the lagging strand template. As part of coordinated synthesis; these fragments are synthesized from short RNA primers which are extended by DNA polymerase. These fragments are subsequently processed to remove the RNA and ligated to form the completed lagging strand.
  96. 96open reading frame (ORF)A nucleic acid sequence with an uninterrupted series of codons; terminating with a stop codon; which encodes a polypeptide.
  97. 97operatorSequence within a prokaryotic gene or operon promoter to which regulatory proteins bind to influence the rate of transcription.
  98. 98operonA group of adjacent prokaryote genes whose transcription is coordinately regulated by an operator element within their common promoter.
  99. 99origin recognition complex (ORC)A complex of proteins that recognizes and binds to the origins of replication in the genome and initiates replication.
  100. 100origins of replicationSites in the genome where replication is initiated by the binding of an origin recognition complex.
  101. 101persistent chromatin remodellingChanges to chromatin structure through modification of its component histones; which remain through subsequent rounds of DNA replication and cell division.
  102. 102phragmoplastThe site at which the cell wall forms in cytokinesis in plant cells. Vacuoles carrying cargoes of cell wall and membrane components accumulate at the spindle equator and fuse to form the new cell wall.
  103. 103plastidsThe immature; non-photosynthetic precursors of chloroplasts.
  104. 104plastid dividing ringA contractile ring which brings about binary fission of plastids.
  105. 105poly(A) binding protein (PABP)A protein that binds the poly(A) tail of mRNAs.
  106. 106polyadenylation signal sequenceThe sequence of nucleotides within an mRNA that specifies where the poly(A) tail is added.
  107. 107polycistronic mRNAA single mRNA chain carrying several ORFs and encoding two or more polypeptides.
  108. 108polyploidyThe state of a cell having more than two sets of chromosomes.
  109. 109polysomesStructures formed when multiple ribosomes are translating a single mRNA. They are enhanced through the circularization of mRNA via 5' cap and poly(A) interactions.
  110. 110position-effect variegation (PEV)The reduction in levels of expression of a gene as a consequence of a chromosome rearrangement that moves it into or close to heterochromatin; wherein the influence of the compacted; transcriptionally inert chromatin spreads to the gene.
  111. 111pre-mRNAThe primary transcript before introns are removed by splicing; and before 5' capping and 3' poly(A) tailing.
  112. 112pre-prophase bandA band of microtubules and actin filaments which assembles at the position that eventually become the site of the post-mitotic cell cleavage.
  113. 113pre-replication complexA complex of proteins bound to an origin of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Its major component is the origin recognition complex. Origins bound by this complex will be active origins in the subsequent S phase.
  114. 114Pribnow boxSequence of nucleotides lying approximately 10 bases 5' of the transcription start site within a prokaryotic gene promoter to which RNA polymerase binds.
  115. 115prophaseThe phase of mitosis when the newly replicated chromosomes begin to condense within the intact nuclear envelope.
  116. 116protein truncation assayA laboratory technique used to detect stop codons within ORFs. This assay couples the in vitro transcription of an ORF to an in vitro translation reaction; the presence of a premature stop codon being detected as a truncated polypeptide chain.
  117. 117proteasomeA large multisubunit protease. A component of the ubiquitin-mediated pathway for protein degradation. It is a closed barrel structure into which proteins are placed for degradation. The process yields short peptide chains which are further degraded by cellular proteases. (B1; B2)
  118. 118pseudogeneA copy of a gene that no longer has the capacity to be expressed as a polypeptide. They commonly arise by gene duplication.
  119. 119pulsed labellingA technique in which cells undergoing DNA synthesis (usually synthesis associated with S-phase replication) are briefly exposed to a nucleotide that is labelled with some form of a molecular tracer. After synthesis is completed; the DNA that has incorporated the tracer can be visualized or isolated; allowing the direct analysis of active sites of DNA synthesis to be studied.
  120. 120quantitative PCRA PCR-based technique in which the amount of amplified gene product directly reflects the amount of template present in the initial sample. Often used to estimate and compare levels of specific mRNA molecules.
  121. 121Rb (retinoblastoma protein)In its active state; this protein inhibits cell proliferation through the inactivation of transcription factors required for the expression of the genes encoding cyclins A and E; and by generally inhibiting protein synthesis. The cyclin D-Cdk complex inactivates this protein by phosphorylation.
  122. 122rDNA clusterThe long tandem arrays of rRNA-encoding genes.
  123. 123recombinationThe process whereby two DNA duplexes interact to form the four-strand Holliday structure. Resolution of this structure allows the exchange of DNA between the two duplexes. In the case of meiosis; it is the process whereby two chromosomes exchange genetic information.
  124. 124recombinational repairThis is the process wherein a region of DNA is repaired by synthesis; utilizing a strand of another duplex DNA as a template. This can occur immediately after replication; with the sister chromatid or; in the absence of replication; from the homologous chromosome. Also called copy repair;
  125. 125replication originsPoints along the chromosome where DNA replication is initiated. These are well defined in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes and contain A-T-rich elements.
  126. 126repliconsRegions of a genome copied from any single replication origin.
  127. 127repressorsProteins that repress transcription; usually by binding to specific DNA sequences in a gene promoter.
  128. 128restriction pointThe G1 checkpoint in mammals that checks that conditions are favourable for the cell to commit itself to proceeding into S phase.
  129. 129retro-elementsNaturally occurring DNA segments that are capable of copying themselves through the action of reverse transcriptase on an RNA copy of their sequence. This DNA copy can then insert back into chromosomal DNA. This is a common mechanism of transfer exploited by viruses and other DNA elements such as transposons.
  130. 130reverse transcriptasesEnzymes belonging to the polymerase family. They catalyse the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template.
  131. 131Rho-dependent terminationRNA transcription termination that requires a specific termination factor; the Rho protein.
  132. 132Rho-independent terminationRNA transcription termination that depends only on the sequence of bases within the mRNA.
  133. 133RNA interference (RNAi)A technique in which small double-stranded RNA molecules are introduced into a cell; targeting mRNAs with complementary sequences for destruction. This technique uses a naturally occurring pathway for regulation of gene expression via miRNAs; involving the RISC complex.
  134. 134rough ERA term used to describe the regions of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached and within which co-translational localization occurs.
  135. 135scaffold attachment regions (SARs)Regions of chromosomal DNA that are involved in a structural interaction with the chromosome scaffold and are thereby thought to play a role in limiting enhancer activity through the prevention of DNA looping.
  136. 136scanningThe process by which the eukaryotic translation initiation complex moves along the mRNA from its 5' cap to the ATG translation start site.
  137. 137secretory pathwayThe cellular pathway by which proteins are secreted from cells. It is initiated by translation of the protein across the ER membrane; from where the protein follows an export pathway to the cell surface.
  138. 138securinA protein that inhibits the activity of separase. During anaphase; the anaphase promoting complex (APC) cleaves the protein; which releases the inhibition of separase; thereby allowing it to cleave the cohesin linkage between the sister chromatids.
  139. 139separaseThe enzyme that cleaves the cohesin linkage that binds sister chromatids together. During anaphase; the anaphase promoting complex (APC) cleaves securin; which releases the inhibition of the enzyme; thereby allowing it to cleave the cohesin linkage between the sister chromatids.
  140. 140Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequenceA short sequence of ribonucleotides within a prokaryotic mRNA chain that assists in translation initiation at the ATG start site. This is achieved through base pairing with an RNA chain within the small ribosomal subunit.
  141. 141silencersDNA sequences that reduce transcription in a position- and orientation-independent manner. These are often active only in specific cell types; and at specific developmental stages.
  142. 142sister chromatidOne of the two chromatids making up a chromatid pair. Both are copies of the original chromosome.
  143. 143site-specific recombinationA form of recombination that occurs at specific DNA sequences. The target DNA sequences are recognized by specific forms of the recombinase enzymes and the four-strand DNA configuration occurs only at the target site.
  144. 144small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)A class of small RNA molecules; located in the nucleus; some of which are components of the spliceosome.
  145. 145somatic pairingThe situation where homologous chromosomes remain in close association throughout interphase. Inferred genetically in Drosophila.
  146. 146splice site consensus sequenceThe DNA sequence is found at exon-intron junctions which is important for base-pairing interactions with RNA components of the spliceosome.
  147. 147spliceosomeA complex of proteins and RNA molecules that catalyses mRNA splicing.
  148. 148splicingThe process by which introns are removed from the primary mRNA transcript.
  149. 149STARTThe G1 checkpoint in budding yeast that checks that conditions are favourable for the cell to commit itself to proceeding into S phase.
  150. 150syncytiumA single large cell that contains many nuclei; e.g. as found in the early Drosophila embryo.
  151. 151TATA boxA consensus DNA sequence found within a eukaryotic gene promoter containing the four nucleotides 5'-TATA-3'. This is bound to **** binding protein (TBP); a component of the transcription factor TFIID.
  152. 152telophaseThe phase of mitosis after chromosome separation; when the chromosomes begin to decondense; the nuclear envelope begins to re-form and cytokinesis takes place.
  153. 153template strandThe DNA strand within an ORF upon which the primary RNA transcript is synthesized by complementary base pairing.
  154. 154termination factors (TFs)Proteins that bind to actively translating ribosomes at stop codons. These proteins have one surface that specifically recognizes stop codons in the mRNA and a region that interacts with the large ribosomal subunit. The tertiary shape of these proteins mimic those of the elongation factor-tRNA complex.
  155. 155TOM-TIM complexA complex of transporter proteins that spans the mitochondrial membranes and through which import of proteins into the mitochondrion is achieved.
  156. 156transcription-coupled repairThe process by which DNA damage on the coding (sense) strand of an ORF is detected and repaired. This involves the reversal of RNA polymerase and the recruitment of excision repair proteins to the region to effect repair. Targeting repair of the coding strand helps maintain the coding integrity of an organism's genome.
  157. 157transvectionThe process whereby; through somatic pairing; the regulatory regions of a gene upon one chromosome can influence the homologous gene on the other chromosome.
  158. 158tRNA chargingThe process by which an amino acid is linked to a tRNA. This reaction is mediated by aminoacyl synthase enzymes.
  159. 159?-tubulin ring complexes (?-TuRCs)Protein complexes within the centrosome; containing ?-tubulin; and which play a role in nucleating microtubules.
  160. 160ubiquitinA small; highly conserved protein that is attached to proteins through the action of ubiquitin ligases and targets them for degradation in the proteasome.
  161. 161ubiquitin ligasesThe class of enzymes that catalyse the covalent addition of ubiquitin to other proteins; thereby targeting them for degradation.
  162. 162ubiquitin-mediated pathwayThe protein degradation pathway by which proteins that are to be degraded are tagged with chains of ubiquitin by ubiquitin ligases.
  163. 163untranslated regions (UTRs)Sequences at the 5' and 3' ends of mRNAs that do not encode part of the polypeptide.
  164. 164wobbleThe base mispairing that is allowed to occur during translation; between the third base in the codon (in the mRNA) and its partner within the anticodon (on the tRNA).
  165. 165X inactivation centre (XIC)A locus on the mammalian X chromosome that is involved in the establishment of X inactivation.

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