Karteikarten
Applied Poultry Nutrition
Karten in diesem Stapel (113)
- 1What are the 2 behavioural requirements of nutrition?Dietary deficiencies associated with abnormal behaviours such as injurious pecking
Foraging is an important behavioural need so disruption can cause behavioural problems - 2Give 2 consequences of insufficient water intakeReduced growth and performance
Increased mortality - 3What is water supply used for, aside from preventing dehydration?Administration of medication and vaccines to treat whole flock simultaneously
- 4Why can high energy density in poultry feed be problematic?Adjust feed intake to energy density of feed
Therefore, intake decreases leading to reduced intake of other nutrients - 5What is meant by nutrient density?Concentration of nutrients in a feed in relation to energy
- 6How can the energy density of a feed be reduced?Increased dietary fibre
- 7What is the consequence of low levels of dietary fibre and protein?Injurious pecking
- 8What is the importance of water in waterfowl?Dip heads to clean eyes and waterproof feathers
- 9What is the technical term for dietary fibre?Non-starch polysaccharides
- 10What is the main energy source for poultry feed in the UK?Wheat and barley
- 11Are poultry able to digest non-starch polysaccharides?No - lack enzymes
- 12What are the 2 forms of non-starch polysaccharide?Water soluble
Insoluble - 13What is a disadvantage of water soluble non-starch polysaccharides?Increased digesta viscosity = increased rate of movement through gut = reduced nutrient absorption and loose faeces
- 14What is a disadvantage of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides?Entrap nutrients
- 15Which type of non-starch polysaccharide is most associated with positive effects?Insoluble
- 16Give an example of an enzyme supplement that can be added to poultry food to aid digestion of non-starch polysaccharidesAvzyme 1502 (Danisco)
Contains amylase, protease and xylanase (which breaks down hemicellulose) - 17What is the function of beta-glucanases and xylanases?Break down plant cell walls
- 18What is the amount of enzyme supplement mixed with feed?50-1000 g per tonne of feed
- 19Give 4 advantages of enzyme supplementation to aid digestion of non-starch polysaccharidesIncreased energy available from diet
Decreased viscosity of digesta so nutrient absorption is improved
Better feed conversion so less food can be given
Reduces waste as more dietary components can be digested - 20What is the function of the gizzard?Grinding organ for mechanical digestion of nuts and seeds
- 21Why should poultry be provided with grit?Aids mechanical function of the gizzard
- 22Give 4 advantages of a properly functioning gizzardImproved satiety
Increased gut transition time
Gut pH (HCl secretion improved)
Disruption of oocysts e.g. Coccidia - 23What is the effect of insoluble fibre on the relative weights of the digestive tract components?Decreased small intestine and proventriculus weight
Increased gizzard weight
This is indicative of improved GI tract function - 24What happens to insoluble fibre in the gizzard?Accumulates in gizzard and slows rate of feed passage
Increased time for nutrient absorption and increased period of satiety - 25Give 4 advantages of improved gizzard weightIncreased secretion of HCl
Increased secretion of digestive enzymes
Amylase production in pancreas improved
Bile acid contents in jejunum increased = improved fat digestibility - 26What is an advantage of fat as an energy source?Yields higher levels of metabolisable energy so cheaper than grain
- 27Give 4 sources of dietary fatSoya oil
Soya acid oil
Recycled vegetable oil
Poor fat blend - 28Which birds are given oils/fatty acids in their diet?Broiler chick starter diets to improve performance
Laying hens to improve egg weights (but increased proportion of yolk compared to albumen) - 29Name the 4 fat soluble vitaminsA
D
E
K - 30What is the function of vitamin A?Bone metabolism
- 31What is the function of vitamin D?Calcium absorption
- 32What is the commercial significance of vitamin E?Meat quality
- 33Give 2 functions of vitamin KBlood clotting
Protection against coccidiosis - 34What component of poultry diets means they usually contain sufficient amounts of essential fatty acids?Usually contain soya oil
High in linoleic acid - 35Name 2 essential fatty acids in poultryLinoleic and linolenic acid (omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids)
- 36Give 5 possible consequences of linoleic acid deficiencyZero hatchability
Low fertility
Poor egg production
Small egg size
Respiratory infections - 37Name a source of omega 6Soya
- 38Name a source of omega 3Flax seed
- 39What is problematic about the ratio of omega 3: omega 6 fatty acids in laying hens?In natural diet high proportion of omega 3 due to green leaf consumption
In commercial diet high proportion of omega 6 due to grain content - 40What is an advantage of supplementing diets with omega 3 in laying hens?Reduced keel bone breakage in laying hens (major problem in loose housing)
- 41What are the 2 nutrients required for feather growth?Methionine and cysteine
- 42What are the 4 nutrients required for egg production?Calcium
Phosphorous
Trace elements
Egg proteins - 43Give 2 pigments present in egg yolkA carotenoid
Canthaxanthin - 44Give 3 nutrients required for bone health in laying hensOmega 3
Omega 6
Calcium - 45Give the 9 essential amino acidsMethionine
Lysine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine
Phenylalanine
Arginine - 46Give 3 amino acids synthesised by other amino acidsTyrosine
Cysteine
Hydroxylysine - 47What is a disadvantage of synthetic amino acids?Not 100% digestible
- 48What are pullets?Laying hens still growing (before point of lay)
- 49What happens to protein requirements in pullets?Decrease with age until point of lay, when they increase then begin to decrease again
- 50What are protein requirements in pullets?14-18%
- 51What are protein requirements in layers?15-18g per day
- 52What are protein requirements in broilers?18-23%
- 53What are protein requirements in turkeys?16-28%
- 54What are protein requirements in ducks?16-22%
- 55What are protein requirements in geese?15-20%
- 56Give a symptom of arginine deficiency in chickensFeather abnormalities
- 57Give a symptom of lysine deficiency in turkeysLoss of pigment in wing feathers
- 58Give a symptom of protein deficiency (specifically methionine and cysteine) in laying hensInjurious pecking
- 59What is meant by essential amino acids?Deficiency will be limiting to performance, regardless of levels of other amino acids
- 60Give 2 problems associated with amino acid excessCatabolism (oxidation to produce energy) which is a waste of an expensive part of the diet
Poor performance - 61What is meant by ideal protein?Matches supply of each essential amino acid to requirement
- 62What is meant by 'stepped down' feeding?Periods of over/under feeding as diet is changed to match requirements at different ages
- 63What happens to protein requirement with age?Decreases
- 64Can animal protein be fed to poultry in the UK e.g. worms?No - illegal
- 65Give 4 functions of calcium in the bodyImportant constituent of bone and eggs
Cells and tissue fluid composition
Activity of enzymes in the nervous system
Activity of enzymes involved in muscle contraction - 66Give 3 consequences of calcium deficiencyWeak bones
Low egg production
Soft or broken shells - 67What is a consequence of calcium excess?Reduced egg numbers
- 68Why is calcium extremely important in laying hens?Sequestered from bone to produce egg shells
If not replaced will result in poor egg shell quality
Also causes bone weakness and osteoarthritis predisposing to fractures and keel damage - 69Which 2 nutrients does calcium need to be balanced with?Phosphorous
Vitamin D - 70Which condition can calcium, phosphorous or vitamin D deficiency cause in chicks - what are the symptoms?Rickets
Chicks cannot stand and have soft beaks - 71What causes bone deformations in the feet of broiler chicks?Abnormal calcium: phosphorous ratio
- 72What is the calcium: phosphorous ratio required for poultry?2:1
Except in breeding birds where it is higher, in particular laying hens - 73Give 2 ways in which calcium can be supplemented in the feedCalcium carbonate (limestone)
Oystershell - 74Give a disadvantage of calcium supplementation in the feedToo much calcium makes feed unpalatable
- 75Give 4 functions of phosphorousBone growth
Synthesis of phosphoproteins
Synthesis of phospholipids
Synthesis of nucleic acids - 76Give 2 consequences of phosphorous deficiencyReproductive failure
Sub-optimal growth - 77Which dietary component is a good source of phosphorous?Cereals
- 78How can phosphorous uptake from the diet be improved?80% complexed as phytate
Supplemented with bacteria derived phytase enzyme which can break this down - 79What is the advantage of supplementation to improve phosphorous uptake from the diet?Improved phosphorous utilisation so less need for inorganic phosphorous supplement
Majority of inorganic phosphorous excreted so improved utilisation efficiency reduces costs and waste - 80Which 2 vitamins/minerals are linked with fertility?Vitamin E
Selenium - 81Which vitamin is linked with embryo development?Vitamin B
- 82What are chelated minerals?Inorganic minerals attached to a substrate (usually amino acid complex) to help overcome poor bioavailability
- 83Give an example of a chelated mineralOrganic selenomethionine made by feeding selenium to growing yeast cultures
Improved bioavailability to inorganic sodium selenite - 84Give an advantage of chelated mineralsMore effective absorption
- 85Give a disadvantage of chelated mineralsHigher cost per active unit of mineral
- 86What does an automatic feeding system involve?Automatic bird and feed weighers collect data
Two component feeds (one high protein and one low) are mixed and fed according to the intake data - 87Which food form is generally used for poultry and why?Pelleted feed as leads to consumption of all components without any being 'picked out'
- 88Which feed form is used in laying hens and why?Mashed feed
Increases time spent feeding and reduces injurious pecking - 89Why are broiler breeders feed restricted?Ensures they pass on genetic traits for rapid growth but do not have excessive growth themselves
This improves reproductive performance and chick survival as well as reducing mortality in female breeders - 90What feeding system is used for pullets?Feed quantity restricted to achieve breeders standard liveweight at point of lay
- 91Which 2 factors are considered important when feeding pullets?Frame or skeleton size
Body composition (fat, muscle and bone) - 92Why is point of lay liveweight important in laying hens?Determines egg size
Affects laying performance
Uniformity of liveweight in flock desirable
Affects persistency - 93What happens to egg size as laying hens start to lay?Initially small and increase with age
- 94Give 3 problems associated with excess liveweight in laying hensReduced egg laying performance
Possible embryo mortality
High egg size in late lay, reducing quality and hatchability - 95What is the peak feed intake in hens?165-170 g/hen/day
- 96What happens to the feeding system for laying hens post-peak?Feed allowance reduced post-peak for best performance
- 97What feeding system is used for breeding cockerels?Restricted intake to improve reproductive performance
- 98What is the age of maturity in laying hens?First egg at 16-17 weeks
- 99What is meant by persistency?Length of laying cycle
- 100When are protein requirements highest in laying hens?High at point of lay then decrease
- 101What is the requirement for the amino acid methionine?390-430 mg/day
- 102What is the requirement for the TSAA?700-780 mg/day
- 103What does the abbreviation TSAA stand for?Total sulfur amino acids
- 104What is the requirement for the amino acid lysine?800-900 mg/day
- 105What is the requirement for the amino acid threonine?550-620 mg/day
- 106What is the usual lifespan of broiler birds?30-42 days
- 107Why is a high protein, easily digestible starter feed required for broiler chicks?Limited by early digestive capacity
- 108For how long does enzyme supply limit digestive activity in broiler chicks?3-5 days
- 109For how long does bile supply limit fat digestion in broiler chicks?First 7 days
- 110What is the constituent of a finisher feed?High energy, lower protein
- 111How many diets are used through the lifespan of a broiler bird?4-5
- 112Why is wet litter problematic in broiler birds?Causes pododermatitis (foot pad burn) = down grading of carcass
- 113What are 2 potential problems caused by optimising feed intake for a maximal feed conversion ratio and growth rate?Leg problems and weakness
High mortality
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- Beschreibung
- BVSc Animal Management 2 (Nutrition) Karteikarten am Applied Poultry Nutrition, erstellt von Florence Edwards am 14/10/2016.
- Erstellt von
- Florence Edwards
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