Karteikarten
A Level Biology - (Up to proteins)
Karten in diesem Stapel (96)
- 1What is Fick's Law?Rate of diffusion = (Surface area * Diffusion Concentration) / Length of diffusion pathway
- 2What are three important facts for the transport method: 'Facilitated Diffusion'?1. It is a passive process (uses it’s own KINETIC ENERGY rather than energy derived from Adenine Triphosphate (ATP)
2. Down a concentration gradient
3. Needs a protein carrier or channel - 3Define Co-TransportWhen two substances are moved together using a single protein carrier.
- 4What do Protein Channels and Carriers do?Intrinsic proteins that transport specific molecules through the membrane by facilitated diffusion (channels and carriers) or active transport (carriers)
- 5What do receptors (relating to proteins) do?These have a particular shape that only a molecule of complementary shape can bind to.
- 6On average, how thin (in nm) are plasma membranes.7nm thin.
- 7What are three important features of Diffusion?1. It is a passive process
2. Net movement of particles, molecules or ions from a high concentration to a low concentration. (down the concentration gradient) - 8How do Phospholipids form a bilayer?Hydrophilic heads next to cytoplasm inside cell and tissue fluid outside the cell.
Hydrophobic tails are not in contact with either aqueous environment. - 9What is the purpose of the phospholipid bilayer?This prevents passage of water soluble molecules (gluecose) and ions. The tails repel water - soluble substances. However small molecules can still pass through.
- 10Phospholipid + Carbohydrate =Glycolipid
- 11What is a phospholipid?A special type of lipid that contains a phosphate group.
- 12What are the main four components the plasma membrane is composed of (in general)?1. Phospholipids
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrate
4. Cholesterol - 13Protein + Carbohydrate =Glycoprotein
- 14What properties does the head and tails have of the phospholipid?Head is hydophilic (water loving)
Tails are hydrophobic (water hating) - 15Where are carbohydrates situated in the phospholipid bilayer? What do they do?Outer-side of the membrane only - next to the tissue fluid.
Involved in cell recognition. - 16What is the secondary structure of a protein about?Coiling or folding of the chain due to formation of hydrogen bonds.
(Involves the Alpha-helix and Beta-pleated-sheet.) - 17What does Cholesterol do in the phospholipid bilayer?-Small, thin molecule
-Fit into the lipid bi-layer giving strength and stability. - 18What is the primary structure of a protein?The sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule
- 19Features of the structure of starch-Made of alpha glucose
-Straight Chain
-Tends to coil up - 20What is the plasma membrane often folded into and why?Microvilli - to increase the available surface area
- 21What makes sucrose?Glucose and Fructose
- 22What makes glucose?2 alpha glucose isomers.
- 23What type of bond join a carbohydrate molecule to a group?A GLYCOSIDIC bond
- 24What are monosaccharides?Sugars... dissolve in water forming sweet solutions.
Monomers for building other carbohydrates.
All reducting sugars when heated with Benedicts solution (form a brick red precipitate) - 25What is the test for non reducing sugars? i.e sucrose1.Heat a sample with Benedict's reagent.
2.Carry out a second Benedict's test on "hydrolysed sucrose". This is sucrose that has already been boiled for 10 minutes with dilute hydrochloric acid, cooled and then neutralized with sodium hydrogen carbonate - 26What are the three types of macromolecules in living organisms?1. Polysaccharides
2. Polypeptides
3. Polynucleotides - 27As the solute increases the water potential becomes more...?...negative.
- 28What are polysaccharides?-Many monosaccharides joined together
-Many condensation reactions
-Glycosidic bonds are formed
-NOT sugars as they're insoluble in water - 29What makes lactose?Glucose and galactose
- 30What is the molecular formula of maltose?C11H22O11
- 31Besides from solute concentration inside the cell, what does water potential depend on?The pressure exerted on the cell contents by the cell membrane or cell wall (Pressure Potential)
- 32What is starch composed of?Beta glucose
2 types of chain called Amylose and Amylopectin.
Amylose(Straight chain) Amylopectin (branched chain). - 33What are the three monosaccharides you need to know?Galactose
Fructose
Glucose - 34Lipids are not...?Polymers (repeated monomers joined together)
- 35Describe the test for StarchIodine solution. Colour change from yellow to blue-back
- 36How are triglycerides formed?When one molecule of glycerol condenses with three fatty acids.
- 37What is cellulose composed of?Beta glucose.
Alternate bonding makes the chains straight
Many long, straight, parallel chains crosslinked by glycosidic bonds. - 38What is the structual formula for fatty acids?R-COOH / R-C==O
- OH - 39What are the three polysaccharides you need to know?Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose - 40Define R groupA carbon-containing side chain and is different in each type of amino acid
- 41Describe the test for a proteinAdd NAOH solution and a few drops of CuSO4 solution. A purple colour indicates a protein is present.
- 42How many carbons can the R-Group have in its chain?16 sixteen
- 43What is the quaternary structure of a protein?The protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide chain - each having its own secondary or tertiary structure.
- 44What is the test for lipids?Dissolve sample in ethanol and pour this into a test tube of water. Cloudy white emulsion indicates a lipid.
- 45Wen two amino acids join together in a condensation reaction what is formed?A dipeptide
- 46Many amino acids in a condensation reaction form...?A polypeptide
- 47What stays blue when heated with Benedict's solution?Sucrose.
- 48What is the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose?In alpha glucose the OH group on carbon 1 is above the plane of the ring. In beta, the OH group on carbon 1 is below the plane.
- 49What is the tertiary structure of a protein?Overall 3D structure of the molecule. Formation of hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges and hydophobic and hydrophilic interactions.
- 50Describe the test for a proteinIf a protein is present the solution changes colour from pale blue to lilac.
- 51Define water potentialMeasure of the free kinetic energy of water in a system. Measured in KPa.
- 52What are protein channels?Have a hydrophilic lining and allow the passage of very small water soluble molecules.
- 53What molecules can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayerLipid soluble
Small and uncharged - 54When is the rate of facilitated diffusion the highest?Short length of diffusion
Large surface area
Large concentration difference
High temperature
Amount of channels - 55What do nuclear pores do?Control movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.
- 56What is the function of a slime capsule?Provides protection
- 57What must happen before the second spin during homogenisation?The supernatant must be poured off
- 58What is the liquid above the pellet called.The supernatant
- 59What is the mixture below the supernatant called?T
- 60Why is tissue homogenised?To break open the cells to release the organelles
- 61Why is the homogenate filtered?To remove any debris like cells thaat haven't been broken apart
- 62WA solution of sugars, amino acids and sometimes pigments.
- 63What does light/dark imagery depend on?Density. As electrons are absorbed more at denser parts of the specimen
- 64What kind of image do TEMs and SEMs give?TEMs: Flat image
SEMs: 3D image - 65What are the advantages of TEMS over SEMS?Higher resolution can be achieved
Higher maginification can be achieved. - 66What is the function of mitochondria?Produces Adenosine Triphosphate which release energy for active processes.
- 67What additional features do Algae and Fungi have?Algae:
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Fungi
Cell wall - 68What is the resolution of the electron and optical microscope?Optical resolves objects up to 200nm apart.
Electron: Higher as electron beam wavelength is shorter than that of light - 69What is the function of glycogen in animal cells?Acts as a storage compound
- 70What is the function of the cystoplasm in an animal cellMost chemical reactions occur here
- 71Define tissueA group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
- 72What does M=?E/A Enlarged/Actual
- 73How do we convert mm into nm?X1000
- 74What is the magnification of the optical and electron microscope?Optical: Up to X1500
Electron: over X500'000 - 75What glycoprotein is the cell wall made of in bacteria?Murein
- 76What is the functrion of the Golgi appartus?It transports and chemically modifies substances. For example combining proteins with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins.
- 77What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?Makes and transports lipids
- 78What is the solution inside the chloroplast called?Stroma
- 79What is the purpose of a cell surface membrane?Controls the entry / exit of substances. It is partially permeable to do this
- 80What does the nucleolus produce?Ribosomes
- 81What are the limitations of electron microscopes?large vacuum kills only living specimen
The images produces are balck and white
Due to harsh preparation artefacts may be produced - 82Describe the structure of a virusGenetic information
A protein coat called a capsid
Attatchment proteins - 83Advatnages of SEMs over TEMs3D telescopic view
Can view surface of the specimen
Thin sections do not need to be prepared - 84What is the function of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?Transports proteins around the cell.
- 85Describe the structure of a virusA cellular: they do not have cells
Non living: they can not reproduce outside the host cell they have entered and have no mode of mode of metabolism respiration. - 86Describe a plasmidDouble stranded, carries extra genetic inforamtion
- 87Define organA group of different tissures contributing to an overall function
- 88Define resolutionThe ability to see points close together. It is the degree of detail visible in the image.
- 89Describe the structure of Mitochondria2 membranes, innerfolded into cristae and a solution called the matrix inside.
Also has circular DNA. - 90Define cell theoryThe unifying concept in Biology and states that cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living organisms.
- 91What additional structures may some proklatryotic cells have?One or more plasmids
Capsule surrounding the cell
One or more flagella - 92Define maginificationThe number of times the lens makes the image bigger than the object
- 93What is indirect evidence for evolution?All life on Earth exists as cells with basic features in common. Some cells have extra features.
- 94What is the plasmodesmotaA gap in the cell wall through which the cystoplasm can pass through adjacent cells
- 95What are internal membranes in the chloroplast called?Thylakoid membranes
- 96What is the function of Lysosomes?Used to digest and destroy unwanted material in a cell.
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- Hello, I have made this resource in preparation for my Biology assessment, however please feel free to make sense of it and acquire the information to your own knowledge.
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