Karteikarten
Health Issues
Karten in diesem Stapel (65)
- 1What is health?Your physical, mental and social well-being, and the absence of disease.
- 2What is morbidity? MEDC vs. MEDCMorbidity means illness.
MEDC: Old age diseases such as alzheimers, survival rates of illnesses higher.
LEDC: Higher rates of diseases due to healthcare and lifestyle - 3What diseases occur more often in LEDCs?AIDs, malaria, depression, TB.
- 4What diseases occur more often in MEDCs?Depression, heart and lung disease.
- 5World life expectancy: Male and femaleMale: 63
Female: 66 - 6What are the two morbidity indicators?prevalence - The total number of cases in a population at a particular time
incidence - the number of new cases in a population during a particular time period. - 7Causes of Death: MEDC vs. LEDCMEDC: Poor lifestyle choices
LEDC: Infectious diseases - 8Reasons for high infectious disease morbidity in poorer countries:1) Malnutrition reduces bodies ability to fight disease
2) Lack of clean water and sanitation increases spread of infectious disease
3) overcrowded conditions in urban areas increases spread of infectious disease
4) poor access to healthcare
5) limited health education - 9Reasons for high non-communicable disease morbidity in wealthier countries:1) Higher proportion of older people (higher proportion of people for suffer from diseases associated with old age).
2) Unhealthy lifestyle - the risk of getting some diseases increases if you're overweight or obese. - 10Healthcare (countries): EmergentBangladesh and Brazil
- 11Emergent: Characteristics1) Payments go straight to the doctor
2) Little government expenditure on healthcare
3) Aid from world bank
4) Access to healthcare in rural areas in limited - 12Healthcare (countries): PluralisticUSA
- 13Pluralistic: Characteristics1) Healthcare viewed as a consumer product
2) Physicians act as solo entrepreneurs.
3) Private and public ownership of facilities
4) States role in healthcare is minimal and indirect
5) Support to pay treatment through insurance
6) Medicaid created to support poorer families - 14Healthcare (countries): Insurance/Social securityFrance and Japan
- 15Insurance/social security: Characteristics1) Insurance is an insured and guaranteed consumer product.
2)Physicians operate as solo entrepreneurs in professional organisations.
3) Private and public ownership of facilities
4) States role in healthcare is evident but indirect
5) Paid for by employees, employers and governments and in small part by yourself (less than 1%) of whatever you are seeking.
6) Can you as often as wished
7) seen as best form of healthcare. - 16Healthcare (countries): National Health ServiceUK and Canada
- 17NHS: Characteristics1) State supported service
2) Physicians act as solo entrepreneurs funded by professional organisations.
3) Facilities mainly publicly owned
4) States role in healthcare is central and direct
5) Payed for with taxes
6) Can be a very long wait to get care needed - 18Healthcare (Countries): SocialisedChina and Cuba
- 19Socialised: Characteristics1) State provided service
2) Physicians are state employed
3) Professional associations are weak and non existent
4) Facilities are wholly publicly owned
5) Payments for services are entirely indirect
6) States role in healthcare is total - 20Factors affecting regional healthcare: Age structure1) Older people are more likely to suffer from age-diseases e.g. Cancer + HD
2) All regions of the UK have aging population due to low birth rate and increasing life expectancy.
3) Some areas have higher proportion of old people so different care needed (high proportion in Devon) - 21Factors affecting regional healthcare: Occupation type1) Manual job workers are three times more likely to suffer from poor health than non-manual job workers due to higher risk of accidents and exposure to hazardous substances.
2) More manual job workers in north of England which contributes to bad health.
3) Manual job workers more likely to suffer from stress and mental problems - 22Factors affecting regional healthcare: Education1) Better educated you are, more likely you are to choose a healthier lifestyle.
2) Poor knowledge// poor health education
3) 20% of North have no educational qualifications compared to 10% of South. - 23Factors affecting regional healthcare: Environment and pollution1) Living in a polluted area like a busy city or near a major road means you are more likely to suffer from poor health.
2) E.g. London has a particularly high mortality rate from respiratory disease, thought to be cause by poor air quality.
3) In Devon air is cleaner which may contribute to the better health there. - 24Factors affecting regional healthcare: Gender1) Women are more likely to seek mental health help than men.
- 25Case Study: FamineEthiopia
- 26Drought times:1985 due to war
2000 - 27Causes:1) In both times there were 3 year droughts of rain forcing crops to fail and herdsman to slaughter there animals
2) Lack of rain caused by cooler sea temperatures in Atlantic and the Pacific
3) Eritrea and Ethiopia Civil war means its difficult to get food into Ethiopia
4) Population increase since 2000. - 28Effects:1) In 1894 40 000 refugees were starving
2) In 1984, 1 person died every 20 minutes due to malnourishment
3) 95% livestock killed due to drought.
4) 1 million people killed in both famines
5) 45% population effected
6) Food prices rose - 29Responses:1) NGO's like Oxfam gave aid
2) Live Aid rose awareness
3) Early warning systems set up to warn rainfall
4) Government hold 350 000 tonnes of food in reserve for droughts
5) Donations of clothes and dry food from the west - 30Problem with responses:1) Aid wasnt well distributed due to poor infrastructure
2) Donated money was going to army rather than food
3) Medical workers killed in civil war - 31Case Study: HIV/AIDsUganda
- 32Background Information:1) Located in Central Africa
2) Thought to be where the virus originated
3) First case diagnosed in southern Uganda
4) 2 million people diagnosed in 2000
5) 800 000 people dead due to it - 33Prevention programmes:1) 1990, USAID funded usage of condoms in rural areas from 7% to 87%
2) Awareness and education of disease
3) 1997 Same day testing and counselling service launched - 34Treatment programme1997, antiretroviral drugs launched to help treat people effected and to help reduce rates of disease. 2004 programme made those drugs free. Funded by world bank with grant of $70 million.
- 35Lifestyle impacts of HIV/AIDs:1) Substantially lowed life expectancy
2) Generation of orphaned children
3) Family members have to quit jobs to care for others/take time of work due to the illness
4) Women forced to turn to prostitution to afford antiretroviral drug. - 36Economic impacts of HIV/AIDs:1) AIDs has drastically reduced Uganda's agricultural output.
2) Reduction in people working in health and education professions.
3) In large debt due to loans taken out from world bank to afford antiretroviral drug - 37Health impacts of HIV/AIDs:1) Increase of ill patients and hospital admissions
2) Hospitals running out of beds for patients
3) Administration of antiretroviral drug needs special training causing governemnt economic problems - 38Case Study: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Glasgow
- 39CHD facts: Glasgow1) Heart attack occurs every 15 minutes
2) UK's lowest life expectancy (69)
3) Glasgow women have highest heart attack rate in the world. - 40What risk factors increase likelihood of CHD?1) Tobacco use
2) Alcohol use
3) High blood pressure
4) High Cholesterol
5) Obesity - 41Economic impact?1) Obesity cost the UK £500 million
2) Lost productivity in country
3) Increased cost of healthcare to government
4) Health problems relating to obesity cost USA $180 Billion annually - 42Health impacts?1) Shortness of breath and fatigue from only light exercise
2) Swelling in feet, legs and ankles
3) Pain in chest, shoulders, arm or neck
4) May develop arrhythmia
5) Increased risk of depression or anxiety - 43Government prevention schemes?1) Promotion of healthy eating and living at schools
2) Aim to reduce tobacco smoking
3) Scientific conferences - 44Lifestyle changes needed to reduce risk?1) Regular physical activity
2) Taking prescribed drugs
3) Watching ones weight
4) Following a healthy eating plan
5) No smoking or excessive drinking - 45Case Study: ObesityUK
- 46UK Obesity facts?1) 65% of adults classified as overweight
2) Obesity is rising in developing countries
3) Leading cause of preventable death
4) Quarter of adults considered obese - 47Consequences of obesity?1) Reduced life expectancy+quality of life
2) Social stigmatism
3) Linked to high blood pressure, diabetes and depression.
4) Strain on public healthcare system
5) $270 million more is being spent on fuel annually due to passengers increased weight - 48Reduction strategies of obesity1) Maintaining a healthy diet and carrying out regular exercise
2) Public health programme focussing entirely on school children
3) Simpler food labelling law
4) 'Fat tax' will be put in place - 49Case Study: Pharmaceutical transnational corporationsGlaxoSmithKline
- 50Facts about the company?1) Third largest pharmaceutical company in the world
2) Founded in 2000
3) Presence in 99 cities in 37 countries
4) 15 000 people on the research team
5) Spent £300 000 every hour screening new medicines
6) 99 000 employees worldwide - 51Research:1) Research 3 priority disease by WHO: HIV/AIDS, TB & malaria
2) 15000 people work in research teams
3) Have 20 vaccines currently in development
3) Spend more than £300,000 per hour on finding new medicines - 52Production:1) Make 4 billion medicines & healthcare products each year
2) Supply 25% of worlds vaccines
3) GSK license generics manufacturers to produce cheaper tablets - 53Distribution:1) Shipped 206 million antiretroviral tablets to developing countries
2) Every second they distribute 35 doses of vaccine - 54Providing disaster relief?1) GlaxoSmithKline committed £250 000 to the British Red Cross to fund mass sanitation of drinking water.
2) They are the only pharmaceutical company prioritize the development and research of medicines and vaccines for the World Health Organization’s three priority diseases: Malaria, HIV and tuberculosis. - 55Local scale projects?1) Independant living programme for young people with disabilities in UK
2) Programme in USA to provide specialist care for homeless children.
3) USA and UK programmes to help young people to get into science - 56Pros of company?1) Employ 100 000 worldwide
2) Shipped 200 000 000 HIV treatments to developing countries
3) Distribute 1/4 of the world's vaccines
4) Screen 65 000 000 compounds every year
5) Have made 4 billion medecine packets - 57Case Study: British American TobaccoMalawi
- 58Facts about company?1) One of the largest tobacco suppliers in the world - HQ in UK
2) Uses controversial advertising tactics accused of targeting children - ue to declining decline in MEDCs so expansion in LEDCs
3) Primary brands of BAT are pall mall and B+H
4) 50 cigarette factories in 42 countries. - 59Advantages of company?1) Tobacco farming accounts for 2/3 of Malawi's annual income
2) Tobacco industry provides 1.7 million direct and 5 million indirect jobs to Malawi
3) Provides many jobs for less developed women which is progressive for human rights
4) In Malawi, 40 000 people are provided with free water - 60Disadvantages of company?1) Children employed on tobacco farms even though this is illegal in Malawi
2) Workers often die from tobacco poisoning
3) High dependency on tobacco company means if they left the country would be in economic trouble
4) Pay for tobacco is very low as people often have to take out huge loans
5) Closed all UK factories - 61Case Study: WirralWirral
- 62What healthcare services are there in Wirral?Nursing: 24hr Community Nursing, Heart Support, Specialist Nursing
Therapies: Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation, Speech & Language Therapy and Wheelchair Services
Primary Care: GP Out of Hours, Specialised Dental
Unplanned Care: Walk-in Centres, Minor Injuries Unit
Lifestyle: Health Visiting, Infant Feeding, Sexual Health Wirral - 63Health Profile of Wirral?1) Many health statistics worse than average than throughout England
2) For example life expectancy and healthy food consumption
3) Smoking consumption and obesity is less than average.
4) Inequality in terms of employment, environmental and deprivation - 64What free health services do Wirral offer?1) Free health clinics
2) Free activities e.g. yoga, salsa dancing
3) Free healthy living courses e.g. healthy cookery lessons, stop smoking courses
4) Extensive opportunities to walk through parks, open spaces and coast lines - 65Factors affecting regional healthcareIncome deprivation:
This means limited access to medications and nutritious food, people tend to smoke more
Education:
• 58% achieve 5 GCSEs A* - C grade
• Better education = better employment = more money = better access to healthcare
Environment:
• Weather & temperature link to heart disease & pneumonia
Socio-economic status:
Health related behaviours:
• Low SE status increases chance of heavy smoking and chance of lung cancer
• Impact of alcohol consumption
• Attitude to health and exercise
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- A-Level Geography (AS ) Karteikarten am Health Issues, erstellt von Ella Foster am 22/12/2016.
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