Karteikarten

Urinary System

Molly Hoover Englisch 41 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (41)

1Renal AgenesisUncommon
occurs unilaterally
failure of a kidney to develop normally totally
if less developed than normal then it is known as hypoplasia
this condition goes hand and hand with renal hyperplasia
2Renal Hyperplasiaoverdeveloped kidney
Occurs when opposite kidney is absent or so underdeveloped that its unable to perform the necessary function to maintain a healthy body
normal kidney enlarges due to working harder
left kidney has hypoplasia, right kidney has hyperplasia
3Renal Ectopiamisplaced kidney
Most commonly found in the pelvis with a shorter ureter
4Horseshoe KidneyBoth kidneys are joined at lower poles across the midline
Renal pelvis is located more anteriorly, at a horizontal angle
Location causes urine to become stagnant
5Bifid SystemDouble collecting system
Can appear: double renal pelvis or ureter in one or both kidneys (upper ureter may insert into bladder below trigone, outside bladder in urethra, or seminal vesicles), or double kidney
Can cause: obstruction in upper pole collecting system or reflux in the kidney
6NephroptosisFloating kidney
Normally displaced 1 inch inferiorly upon deep inspiration
When upright can be displaced as much as 2 inches
Occurs when anterior surface isn't attached to peritoneum
Length of ureter differentiates from ectopic kidney
7Polycystic Renal DiseaseAKA polycystic kidney disease or PKD
inherited condition
Cysts multiply and enlarge, causing enlarged kidneys
End stage: kidneys appear smaller and scarred
8Glomerulonephritis (left)inflammatory disease of the capillary loops of the renal glomeruli (within nephrons)
AKA bright disease
Commonly developed after streptococcal infection due to antigen-antibody deposited in glomerulus
Commonly causes underdeveloped kidneys
Characterized by hypertension
Symptoms: nausea, malaise, and joint pain
Lab test show: increase in albumin, BUN, and creatinine
CXR has pulmonary infiltrates
Radiographic Appearance: can lead to renal failure, if chronic it leads to fibrosis, leading to the kidney shrinkage, scarring, and shrinkage but initially the kidneys are enlarged due to inflammation
9Pyelonephritis (Right)Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
Acute: escherichia coli invades the renal tissue, commonly enters the kidney through retrograde from the bladder of through blood
Chronic: chronic reflux occurs of infected urine from the bladder into the renal pelvis
More common in females
symptoms: flank pain, bacteriuria, pyuria, dysuria, nocturia, and increased frequency of urination
Acute: calyces are enlarged, blunting of calyces
Chronic: decreased kidney size with destruction and scarring due to fibrosis
10DiverticulaAbnormal pouches in variable sizes, urine lies stagnant
Occurs in the bladder or ureters
11UreteroceleCyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder
Radiographic Appearance: "Cobra head" on an IVU
Ureter is the body and the dilated ureteric segment is the flared cobra head, if image is taken exactly when contrast is excreted into the bladder it appears as the snake's tongue
12Prostatic HypertrophyProstate gland enlargement along with urinary output obstruction
Common in males over 55 years of age
Symptoms: reduced urine output along with sensation of full bladder
Radiographic Appearance: borders of the bladder appear lumpy and irregular, base of the bladder has a notched appearance due to the enlarged prostate pushing up against it
13HydronephrosisWater in the nephrons of the kidney (there is no actual water though)
Results from an obstruction of the renal pelvis, calyces, and ureter due to back pressure of urine that can't flow pas the obstruction
Is NOT an actual disease but results from another
Occurs bilaterally in pregnancy due to fetus pushing against ureters
Symptoms: hematuria, pyuria, flank pain, fever
Radiographic Appearance: IVU-enlargement above the obstruction and no anatomy demonstrated below, calyces are sharp in appearance with enlargement
14Renal CalculiSolid masses, consisting of collections of tiny crystals that contain calcium
Tiny crystals can pass through urine but sometimes they clump and cling to tissue of the kidney, then continue to grow as new crystals are added then harden
Commonly seen in renal pelvis
Symptoms: hematuria, severe flank pain radiating to groin or genitals
Different types: calcium, uric, struvite, staghorn, nephrocalcinosis, and bladder
Calcium-most common
Uric-associated with gout, radiolucent, seen as filling defect on x-ray
Struvite- composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate
AKA "infection stones"
Common in females
Found with UTI's
Staghorn Calculus
Occurs when a stone begins formation in renal pelvis and continues to grow there, may take that shape
Appears as horns on a deer head, blocking the flow of urine
15NephrocalcinosisNumerous irregular spots of calcium in the renal parenchyma
There may be few or many
16Bladder StonesSingle or multiple varying in size
Commonly formed from stagnant urine that is unable to pass due to obstruction
17Renal FailureCondition where kidneys fail to function properly with a decrease in GFR
Acute and Chronic
Acute: rapid, severe deterioration in kidney function, dialysis may be necessary
Chronic: Slow, progressive, and irreversible loss of renla function, dialysis is undergone on a regular basis until a kidney transplant takes place
Ultrasound is modality of choice due to contrast detrimental with renal failure
18Benign NeoplasmRenal Cyst: acquired condition, commonly occurs in cortex of lower pole, asymptomatic unless larger causing pain or obstruction
Radiographic Appearance: Calyce spreading, does not show irregular opacification after contrast injection, commonly seen on ultrasound, CT, and MRI
19Malignant (Hypernephroma)Most common
Linked with the next two types of malignancy
20Grawitz TumorKidney Cancer
Linked with renal tumor and renal cell carcinoma
21Renal Cell CarcinomaNormal
Idiopathic, related to cigarette
Can be caused by long term dialysis
Develops from the renal tubules, destroying the kidney while it invades the blood vessels (IVC and renal vein), allowing spreading of malignant cells
Symptoms: hematuria
Common in males over 40 years old
Radiographic Appearance: Angiography and ultrasound modality of choice, angiography: abnormal vascular ultrasound: composition of tumor along with invasion of renal vessels
22NephroblastomaAKA Wilm's Tumor
Most common abdominal neoplasm in children
Common at age 3
Cause unknown but associated with urinary tract birth defects
Symptoms: palpable abdominal mass, blood in urine, fever
Radiographic Appearance: abdominal mass that displaces the kidney, CT identifies stage and prognosis of tumor
Radiographic Appearance: Filling defect during IVU, CT is most reliable due to tumors commonly being small and located in trigone
23What do the kidneys do?Balance the fluid in your body, detect waste in your blood, and know when to release the vitamins, minerals, and hormones
24Main Function of the kidneys?dispose of waste products and turn them into urine
25Your body has8 liters of blood that pass through the kidneys between 20-25 times a day, these organs filter 180 liters every 24 hours
26Ingredients in your blood change due to?food and drink, that's why the kidneys need to be on duty
27Blood enters kidneys through what?Arteries which branch and form tiny internal modules called nephrons
281 million of the nephrons form what?A powerful array of filters and sensors to carefully sift the blood
29To filter the blood what two powerful filters do you need?Tube like filter called the glomerulus, string like structure called a tubule
30The glomerulus acts like a sift allowingcertain ingredients such as vitamins and minerals to pass into the tubule
31What are the vessels jobto detect whether any of these ingredients are needed in the body
32Blood doesn't just contain useful ingredients it also containswaste products too and the nephrons have to figure out what to do with them
33The tubulesSense compounds that the body doesn't need like uria left over from the break down of proteins and redirects them as urine out of the kidneys through two long sewers called ureters
34What do the ureters do?Empty contents into the bladder ridding your body from that waste
35What is in your urine?Water and if the kidney detects too much of it in your blood it send it the extra water to the bladder
36What happens if there is low levels of water in the blood?It prompts the kidneys to distribute water back into the blood, meaning that less water makes it into the urine
37Why does urine appear yellowerit is When your less hydrated, by controlling water your kidneys stabilize fluid levels
38What do the kidneys activate?Vitamin D, to secrete a hormone called renin, it raises blood pressure
39Another hormoneErthropoietin which produces red blood cells
40Without the kidneysOur urine would spiral out of control, every time we eat our blood would receive another load of unsifted ingredients
41Buildup of ingredients would do whatOverload our systems and we would expire, our kidneys keep us alive