Karteikarten
Key Terms - Philosophy
Karten in diesem Stapel (111)
- 1monismthe view that humans are a single unity of body and the soul
- 2reincarnationthe belief that the soul of a person is reincarnated after death into a new body
- 3materialismthe view that all contents of the universe are physical
- 4dualismthe belief that the body and soul are unified
- 5Atmanthe Hindu term for the real self or soul
- 6Samsarathe Hindu belief of the cycle of birth
- 7Mokshathe final release of the soul from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth into a state of bliss
- 8Nirvanain Buddhism this is the final release from the cycle of rebirth attained by extinction of all desires and individual existence, culminating in absolute blessedness
- 9Dharmathe teachings of Buddha
- 10Eschatonjudgement day at the end of time when God will decide the fates of all individual humans according tot eh good and evil of their earthy lives
- 11Formthe idea of something, it is not the physical but is the eternal idea of what a thing is, we should know the forms before we were born because they are immortal and eternal
- 12Memeselements of culture or behaviour that may be passed from one individual to another by non-genetic means e.g. imitation
- 13Replica TheoryHick's thought experiment of that, upon death a 'replica' of a person is placed in a special, separate place this replica is exactly like the person
- 14Karmain Hinduism, karma is the law of cause and effect
- 15psycho-somatic unitymeaning that humans are a unity of physical body and soul
- 16nutritive soulthe soul of plants that only has the faulty of nutrition
- 17sensitive soulthe soul of animals that has the faculty of nutrition, desire, locomotion and perception
- 18rational soulthe soul of humans that has the faculty of nutrition, locomotion, perception, desire and reason
- 19dual aspect monistdouble aspect today is the view that the mental and physical are two aspects of, or perspectives on, the same substance, so the soul and body are connected
- 20Plato's Chariotthe docile white horse represents the soul and the spirited black horse represents the body- they pull in different directions and the soul tries to get them to work together and to pull the chariot
- 21argument from the cycle of oppositeseverything comes into being from its opposite being e.g. light and dark, big and small. The opposite of living is death therefore death must come from life and life after death
- 22argument from knowledgelearning is remembering what the soul knew in the world of the forms e..g 2+2 =4 this example cannot be known through the sense and thus is not a matter of subjective opinion
- 23gehannathe image of flames and bring in hell originates from the rubbish dump outside Jerusalem. In the times of the Jewish scriptures rubbish was burnt in Gehanna and pagan gods were worshipped there
- 24embodied existencea body with an indwelling spirit
- 25phenomenona reoccurring event
- 26coherencysomething that makes sense; not contradictory or unclear
- 27rationalityreason
- 28Messiahthe chosen King predicted to come in the Old Testament, Christ
- 29reanimatedto come to life again
- 30perishablewill die/rot eventually
- 31fallaciousa falsity; displaying incorrect reasoning
- 32a priorireasoning before looking at evidence
- 33empiricisttruth is determined through observation and experience
- 34memeDawkins term to describe a unit of thought
- 35anecdotala story told by an individual
- 36paranormalevents outside of normality
- 37numinoushaving a strong religious or spiritual quality; indicating or suggesting the presence of a divinity
- 38ineffablethe person finds it hard to put their experience into words
- 39conversionthe fact of changing one's religion or beliefs, or the action of persuading someone else to change theirs
- 40pragmatismthe approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application
- 41the holydedicated or consecrated to God or a religious purpose; sacred
- 42alienationthe state or experience of being alienated
- 43mysticismis popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning
- 44principle of credulitySwinburne calls the general principle that guides our inferences this. It can be formulated as follows; if it seems to a supbject S that X is present then X probably is present
- 45principle of testimonyexplains that we should believe a person unless we have good reason not to
- 46coherencethe quality of being logical and consistent
- 47correspondencea close similarity, connection or equivalence
- 48passivitythe person has no control over the experience it happens to them and they cant stop it
- 49noeticthe experience is something which gives knowledge, such as revelation. This knowledge is often intuitive and cannot be articulated - it is a special form of knowing
- 50transiencethe experience lasts only a short time and is not permanent but it's effects continue
- 51cumulative argumentan argument that is built up from many different arguments and evidence. Resulting in a conclusion based on probability
- 52revelationthe disclosure from the divine especially of something previously hidden
- 53natural theologythe process of learning about God from the natural world by using reason
- 54revealed theologythe teaching that religious truth is derived from God's revelations to humans
- 55inerranta term used by religious believers to indicate that a teaching does not contain any error or possibility of error even scientifically or historically
- 56infallibleundoubtable knowledge
- 57fallibilismthe philosophical doctrine that absolute certainty about knowledge is impossible
- 58theocentricrefers to something being centred on God or from the perspective of God rather than human beings
- 59omnipotentmeans "all-powerful" a philosophical word used to describe God
- 60omniscientmeans "all-knowing" most philosophers today use the word as a title for God to indicate that God knows everything that is logically possible to know
- 61omni-benevolentused as a title for God that says God is good; "God always wills goodness or good things towards people"
- 62simplicityreferring to God in a way that philosophers think God is unchanging and does not have parts or characteristics
- 63eternala view of that God is atemporal, non-corporal and transcendent
- 64everlastinga view of God that he has existed in the past, in the now and will exist in the future - immanent personal
- 65foreknowledgeis an attribute having to do with knowledge; it is the attribute of 'having knowledge of everything' even if that is before it has happened
- 66libertarianthe belief that we are autonomous and have free will to make our own decisions
- 67hard determinismis the theory that human behaviour and actions are wholly determined by external factors, and therefore humans do not have genuine free will or ethical accountability
- 68soft determinismis the theory that human behaviour and actions are wholly determined by causal events, but human free will does exist when defined as the capacity to act according to one's nature
- 69provisionBoethius' concept of God's knowledge which dictates God sees our action as we do them in an instant not before so insinuates God's knowledge is non-causal
- 70simple necessityBoethius says its something that has to occur, e.g. the sun will rise tomorrow
- 71conditional necessityBoethius' idea that something only becomes necessary as you do it e.g. it is only necessary that I am walking when I am walking so going for a walk is a conditional necessity if I decide to do it
- 72bliksa particular view about the world that may not be based upon reason or fact and cannot be verified or falsified, bliks = someone's attitude toward something
- 73via positivathe 'positive way'/ catophatic way, the way of talking about God which says what he is rather than what he is not
- 74via negativethe negative way/ apophatic way, that way of talking about God which says what he is not rather than what he is
- 75the verification principlethe belief that statements are only meaningful if they can be verified analytically or synthetically
- 76the falsification principlea statement can only be meaningful if it can be falsified analytically or synthetically
- 77logical positivismrefers to a movement in philosophy that believes the aim of philosophers should be the analysis of language particularly that of science, carry the belief that statements can only be meaningful if they can be verified or are tautologies
- 78cognitivea statement that gives factual information, it is either true or false
- 79non-cognitivea statement that is not subject to truth or falsity, rather it is an expression of a person's feelings
- 80equivocal languagestatements where words have different meanings in each case e.g. the goal post, post box
- 81univocal languagestatements where two words have the same meaning in each case e.g. the black cat, the black car
- 82analogy of attributionWe can look at goodness in our world and see that God is good on different scale, the bread is good the baker is god
- 83analogy of proportiona plant has life, a human has life, god has life. There is a proportionate relationship between everything in the list which helps us to understand a bit about god
- 84metaphoronly thing described in the terms of another e.g. "God the father"
- 85analogyis a similar comparison with something familiar
- 86category errorthe error of assigning a quality or action with can only properly be assigned to things of another category e.g. treating abstract concepts as though they have a physical location
- 87bivalencestates that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition has exactly one truth value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principe is called two-valued logical or bivalent logic
- 88eschatological verificationa statement can be verified at the end of time
- 89mytha symbolic story that tries to explain a fundamental issue about the purpose of existence e.g. Story of Adam and Eve
- 90symbolsomething used in religious thought to show something which points people to God and also shows God to people
- 91signsomething which points you in a certain direction or shows something such as a road sign
- 92tautologyis a logical statement that we can know to be true by definition (a priori reasoning) e.g. a triangle has 3 sides, we do not rely upon experience to verify this because it has to be true
- 93bivocal statementa statement that has two potential meanings
- 94vienna circlerefers to the group of philosophers that gave rise to the logical positivism movement
- 95valid argumentWhen the logic is valid but it impossible for the premises and conclusion to be true
- 96straw man argumentwhen an argument is put forth that they know their opponent doesn't support, to misrepresent their opinion and make the rebuttal easier
- 97anathemaa curse by a pope or council of the church, excommunicating a person or denouncing a doctrine
- 98veridicaltruthful
- 99proponentone who argues in support of something
- 100exponentone that speaks for, represents or advocates
- 101false dichotomyinvolves an argument where limited alternatives are considered when in fact there is at least 1 additional option
- 102sophistrya method of argument that is seemingly plausible though actually invalid and misleading
- 103extrinsicoriginating from the outside
- 104inductive leapusing information about a specific observation to reach a general conclusion e.g. you know from specific examples that polar bears are white, assuming that then all polars are white is an inductive leap
- 105analytictrue by virtue of the meanings of the words without reference to facts (a priori) e.g. all bachelors are unmarried men
- 106synthetichaving truth value that is not determined solely by the virtue of the meanings of the word but requires experience as well (a posteriori) e.g. it is raining
- 107abductive reasoningbegins with an incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation. It yields the kind of daily decision making that does its best with incomplete data
- 108reductive reasoningproving a statement is true by reducing the opposite of it and showing the absurdity of the opposite result
- 109inductive argumentallows for the possibility that the conclusion is false, uses a posteriori reasoning and relies on synthetic experience to verify/falsify the premises
- 110deductive argumentthe conclusion and premises have to be true, uses a priori reasoning and analytic premises. The conclusion is true
- 111paradoxargument that appears to derive absurd conclusions from acceptable premises by valid reasoning
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- General Karteikarten am Key Terms - Philosophy, erstellt von Zoe Bone am 16/03/2017.
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