C1 - Atomic Structure

C1 - Atomic Structure

1. evaporation and distillation.

   • evaporation
     • evaporation followed by condensation
   • distillation
     • Turning from a liquid to a gas
   • Condensation
     • Turning from a gas to a liquid

2. fractional Distillation

   • Fractional
     • A type of distillation used to separate crude oil
     • Fraction
       • Long chain molecules found in crude oil
   • Boiling point
     • The temperature at which a substance turns from a liquid to a gas
   • Heavy
     • Substances with a high boiling point
     • Light
       • Substances with a low boiling point
   • hydrocarbons
     • Molecules with similar boiling points
   • Fractional distilation is where a mixture of multiple liquids can be separated from each other
     • It could also be used to separate gasses mixed together
       • It only works if the substance mixed together have different boiling points. ( The temprature of which they turn from a liquid to a gas.)
   • Small molecules
     • Large molecules
       • . High boiling pint
         • . Not very volatile
           • . Does not flow easily
             • . Does not ignite easily
     • . Low boiling point
       • . Very volatile
         • . Flows easily
           • .Ignites easily

3. pure

   • As substance consisting of only one kind of particle
   • impure
     • a substance where another kind of particle has contaminated the main substance

4. Compounds and mixtures

   • Atom
     • The smallest unit of matter
   • Element
     • A substance made of one kind of atom
   • Molecule
     • Two more substances not chemically combined
   • Compound
     • Two or more elements chemically joined
   • Mixture
     • Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

5. Dissolving

   • Solute
     • A solid that dissolves
   • Solution
     • A liquid with a solid dissolved in it
   • Solvent
     • A liquid that lets solids dissolve in it
   • Dissolve
     • Breaking up of a solid when it's added to a liquid
   • Soluble
     • Something that dissolves in a liquid
   • Insoluable
     • Something that can't dissolve in a liquid

6. Periodic Table Facts

   • Groups Are where columns are in the periodic table, we only need to know 3 of them! Group 1/I Group 7/VII and Group 0
   • The group number tells us ow many electrons are in the outer shell
   • The period is a row in the periodic table
   • Only two electrons can fir in the first shell
   • The period number tells us how many shells contain electrons
   • Oxygen is in Group 6
     • Oxygen is in period 2
       • The last element in group 2 is Radium
         • The first element in period 3 is Boron
   • Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
     • Elements in the same group have similar properties
     • If lithium chloride is LiCi Lithium Fluoride will be LIF
     • All non-metal elements have Different properties
     • Elements in t he same period have Different properties
       • Cesium is the most reactive ( metal)
       • Charcoal isn't reactive
       • Florine is the most reactive ( non-metal)

7. Crystallisation

   • Separates solids that have dissolved in a liquid
     • This is done by carefully heating the solution so that the liquid evaporates
       • This leaves crystals of the solid behind .The crystals can then be washed with cold water to remove impurities and then dried in an oven

8. Chromatography

   • Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of different colours ( like pen inks or food colours.) A mixture of dyes will be separated out as a solvent ( a liquid) rises up the paper
     • Filtration
       • Filtration
         • Separates an insoluble substance from a liquid
       • Residue
         • The solid that is left in the filter
       • Filtrate
         • The liquid that has passes though the filter
   • If the same dye is in both samples then there will be an identical spot at the same height above the line
     • You draw the line in pencil so it doesn't smudge in the water

9. An atom is about 0.1 nm or 1x10-10m

   • Atomic Number
     • The number of protons in an atom is known as the atomic number
   • Every atom has the same number of protons as electrons ( this means the atom has no change overall
   • There are about 100 elements. Each one is made up of one kind of atom. Scientists have discovered that atoms are made from smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons

10. An atom is made up of 3 different parts- Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

    • The protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus.
      • The electrons orbit outside of the neucleus
        • You can simplify diagrams by drawing electrons as (X)

11. Elements

    • Lithium
      • electron configuration- 2.1 Atomic number- 3 Group number-1
    • Boron
      • Electron configuration- 2.3 Atomic number- 5 -Group number- 3
    • Oxygen
      • Electron configuration- 2.8.1 Atomic number- 8 Group number-6
    • silicon
      • Electron configuration- 2.8.4 Atomic number- 14 Group number- 4
    • Sulpher
      • Electron configuration- 2.8.6 atomic number-16 Group number 6
    • Potassium
      • Element configuration- 2.8.8.2 Atomic number- 19 Group number- 1

12. evaporation- evaporation followed by condensation

    • Distillation- Turning from a liquid to a gas.
      • Condensation- Turning from a gas to a liquid
        • Chromatography- When one substance can move more than another in a liquid, this results in _______ between them
        • Hydrocarbons- Molecules with a similar boiling points
    • chromatogram- The resulting evidence on paper
      • Separation- A way to separate soluble substances
        • Light- Substance with a low boiling point
      • Fractional- A type of distillation used to separate crude oil
        • Boiling point- The temperature at which a substance turns from a liquid to a gas
          • Fraction- Long chain molecules found in crude oil
        • Heavy- Substances with a high boiling point
      • Pure- A substance consisting of only one kind of particle
        • Impure- A substance where another kind of particle has contaminated the main substance

13. Solute

    • A solid that dissolves
    • Dissolving
      • Solution
        • A liquid with a solid dissolved in it.
      • Solvent
        • A liquid hat lets solids dissolve in it
      • Dissolve
        • Breaking up of a solid when it is added to a liquid
      • Soluble
        • Something that dissolves in a liquid
      • Insoluble
        • Something that can't dissolve in a liquid

14. An element is a material with only one type of atom.

    • A compound is two or more elements joined together