EFFECTS

EFFECTS

1. Effects of smoking on pulmonary ventilation in exercise

   • Nicotine
     • constricts the terminal bronchioles.
     • increases resistance of airflow into and out of the lungs.
     • paralyze the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cell surface.
   • Smoke irritation causes increased fluid secretion into the bronchial tree and swelling of epithelial layer.
     • Leading to fluid and waste accumulation and reduced level of performance.
   • chronic smokers may develop emphysema
     • obstruction of bronchioles
     • chronic bronchitis
     • destruction of alveoli

2. Effects of heart disease and old age on athletic performance

   • Cardiac diseases that reduce cardiac output (C.O.P) will reduce muscle power.
   • Patient with congestive heart failure has little muscle power to even walk on the floor.
   • Patient with congestive heart failure has little muscle power to even walk on the floor.

3. Effect of body fluids and salts in exercise