Verbs

Verbs

1. Semantic roles

   • are conceptual relationships in the "message world"
     • Argument
       • is used to refer to the participants and their semantic roles that are normally associated with a given verb.
   • Oblique
     • refer to optional participants
   • Agent
     • is the typically animate perceived instigator of the action
   • Force
     • is an entity that instigates an action, but not consciously or voluntarily
   • Instrument
     • is an entity that instigates an action indirectly
   • Experiencer
     • an experiencer neither controls nor is visibly affected by an action
   • Recipient
     • is the typically animate destination of some moving object
   • Patient
     • is the unmarked semantic role

2. Is the grammatical category that includes lexemes which express the least time-stable concepts

   • Distributional properties
     • have to do with how words function in phrases, clauses and texts.
   • Structural properties
     • have to do with the internal structure of the verb itself.

3. Classes

   • Weather verbs
     • to rain: (be) wind(y), (be) cold...
   • States
     • broken, rotten, melted, dead...
   • Involuntary processes
     • these verbs answer the question "what happened to X (sylvan)?" "He died"
   • Bodily functions
     • sneeze, burp, bleed, sweat...
   • Motion
     • fall, drop, flow, squirt
   • Position
     • stand, sit, kneel, lie, hang...
   • Actions
     • dance, speak, sing...
   • Action-processes
     • kill, hit, stab, shoot...
   • Factives
     • build,form, create, make...
   • Cognition
     • think, know, understand, remember...
   • Sensation
     • see, hear, feel, smell...
   • Emotion
     • like, love,sad, happy...
   • Utterance
     • call, afirm, speak, talk, say...
   • Manipulation
     • force, oblige, urge, make, let, cause
   • Verb structure
     • consists of a root plus an optional tense marker (-ed) or agreement marker (-s)