Denis McQuail

Denis McQuail

1. Information

   • Finding out about relevant events and conditions in immediate surroundings, society and the world.
   • Seeking advice on practical matters or opinion and decision choices.
   • Satisfying curiosity and general interest.
   • Learning; self-education.
   • Gaining a sense of security through knowledge.

2. Personal Identity

   • Finding reinforcement for personal values.
   • Finding models of behaviour.
   • Identifying with valued other (in the media).
   • Gaining insight into one's self.

3. Integration and Social Interaction

   • Gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathy.
   • Identifying with other and gaining a sense of belonging.
   • Having a basis for conversation and social interaction.
   • Having a substitute for real-life companionship.
   • Helping to carry out social roles.
   • Enabling one to connect with friends, family and society.

4. Entertainment

   • Escaping, or being diverted, from problems.
   • Relaxing.
   • Getting intrinsic cultural or aesthetic enjoyment.
   • Filling time.
   • Emotional release.
   • Sexual arousal.