Operating Systems

Operating Systems

1. Processes

   • Process Control Block
     • Stack
     • Heap
     • Text (code)
     • Program Counter
     • I/O Devices
     • File Descriptors
     • CPU Status/Registers
   • Process State
     • Created
     • Ready
     • Running
     • Waiting
     • Terminated
   • System Queues
     • Ready Queue
     • I/O Request Queues
     • Job Queue
   • Types of Scheduling
     • Long-Term
       • From disk to RAM
     • Mid-term
       • RAM to disk when waiting
     • Short-term
       • CPU Scheduling/Dispatch
   • Communication
     • Interprocess
       • Message Passing
         • Direct
         • Indirect
       • Shared Memory
     • Client-Server
       • Sockets
       • RPC
       • RMI
   • Context Switch
   • Parent and Child
   • Mapping
     • Process to CPU
     • Thread to Core
     • Parallelism vs Concurrency
   • Unix Process Creation/Execution

2. Threads

   • Types of Threads
     • User Threads
       • POSIX
       • Win32
       • Java
     • Kernel Threads
       • Linux
       • Windows
   • Singlethreaded
   • Multithreaded
     • Models
       • Many-to-One
       • One-to-One
       • Many-to-Many
   • Threading Issues
   • Java Thread States
     • New
     • Runnable
     • Blocked
     • Dead

3. OS Structures

   • OS Services
   • Kernel
   • Command Interpreters
   • Virtual Machines
   • I/O
     • Synchronous
     • Asynchronous
   • Interrupts
     • Hardware
     • Software
   • Design and Implementations
     • Systems Requirements
     • Upfront Design
     • Modularity
     • Policy Decisions
     • Programming Language
     • Debugging
   • Device Controllers
   • Direct Memory Access
   • Types of Requests
     • User Mode vs Kernel mode
     • System Calls
       • Program Control
       • Status Requests
       • I/O Requests

4. Scheduling

   • Algorithrms
     • First-Come First-Serve
     • Shortest-Job-First
     • Round Robin
     • Multilevel Feedback Queue
     • Priority
   • Preemptive vs Non-Preemptive
   • Attributes/Criteria
     • CPU Utilization
     • Throughput
     • Waiting Time
     • Response Time
     • Execution Time
   • Performance Techniques
     • Gantt Charts
     • Simulation
     • Implementation
   • Dispatcher

5. Synchronization

   • Classic Problems
     • Bounded Buffer
     • Readers-Writers
     • Dining Philosophers
   • Solutions
     • Hardware Level
       • Test-and-Set
       • Compare-and-Swap
     • User Level
       • Peterson's Algorithm
       • Dekker's Algorithm
     • OS Level
       • Sempahores
     • Language Level
       • Monitors
   • Critical Section
     • Requirements
       • Mutual Exclusion
       • Progress
       • Bounded Waiting
   • Problems
     • Deadlock
     • Race Condition
     • Starvation
   • Locks
     • Semaphores
     • Monitors
     • Test-and-set
     • Compare-and-swap
     • Mutex
   • Java Synchronization
   • Atomic Transactions

6. Deadlocks

   • Conditions For Deadlock
     • Mutual Exclusion
     • Hold and Wait
     • No Preemption
     • Circular Wait
   • Resource Allocation Graph
     • Types of Edges
       • Request
       • Assignment
       • Claim
   • Handling Deadlocks
     • Prevention
     • Avoidance
     • Detection and Recovery
   • Banker's Algorithm

7. Protection

   • Goals
   • Protection Domain
     • Static
     • Dynamic
     • Domain Structure
   • Access Matrix
     • Implementations

8. File System

   • Interface
     • File Concepts
     • Access Methods
       • Sequential
       • Direct
     • Disk
       • Structure
         • Partition
         • Volume
     • Directory
       • Single-Level
       • Two-Level
       • Tree-Structure
       • Acyclic Graph
     • File Sharing
     • File Protection
   • Implementation
     • Allocation Methods
       • Contiguous
       • Linked
       • Indexed
     • Free-Space Management
       • Bit Vector
       • Linked List
       • Efficiency and Performance
     • Directory
       • Linear List
       • Hash Table
     • Virtual File System
       • Inode
       • File
       • Superblock
       • Dentry

9. Main Memory

   • Adressing
     • Logical
     • Physical
   • Swapping
   • Fragmentation
     • External
     • Internal
     • Compaction
   • Paging
     • Methods
     • Page Table
   • Hardware
   • Contiguous Allocation

10. Virtual Memory

    • Paging
      • Page Replacement
        • Reference Bit
        • Dirty Bit
        • Algorithms
          • FIFO
          • OPT
          • LRU
          • Second Chance
      • Page Faults
    • Thrasing
      • Causes
    • Frame Allocation
      • Global vs Local
      • Fixed
      • Priority