3.1.6 ATP

3.1.6 ATP

Structure + synthesis of ATP
1. Structure
  1. Nitrogenous base
    1. Adenine
  2. Pentose sugar
    1. Ribose
      1. Adeosine
  3. 3 phosphate groups
2. Synthesis
  1. ATP + Water ↔ ADP + Pi
  2. → ATP hydrolase
  3. ATP Synthase ←
    1. Enzyme
  4. Inorganic Phosphate
  5. Where synthesis of ATP used?
    1. Photophosphorylation
      1. w/aid of light
      2. in chlorophyll containing plant cells
    2. Oxidative phosphorylation
      1. Use of O₂
      2. In plant/animal cells during respiration
    3. substrate-level phosphorylation
      1. In plant/animal cells
      2. Phosphate groups transferred from donor molecules to ADP
Why does ATP release so much energy when hydrolysed?
1. Phosphate groups are negatively charged (-)
  1. The bonds between the phosphate groups are under tension
    1. As opposites attract The same rebel
      1. ∴ bonds between the groups are "unstable"
        ∴ lower the activation energy required to break bonds
        ∴ bonds are easily broken
High turnover of ATP
1. ATP is constantly being synthesised
2. Used constantly
3. Why has ATP have a high turnover?
  1. Short term energy molecule
    1. Unstable bonds - bad longterm storage
    2. "Immediate energy source"
Why use ATP and not other molecules? (e.g Glucose)
1. ATP releases small quantities of energy
  1. Glucose would release too much energ
2. One step process to hydrolyse ATP
  1. Glucose requires a lot more steps
3. Stores need to be replenished by mitochondria
More active tissues = more mitochondria
1. Metabolic processes
  1. Building Macromolecules e.g Starch
2. Movement
  1. Muscle contraction

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