GCSE Chemistry C1.1 - Fundamental Ideas in Chemistry

GCSE Chemistry C1.1 - Fundamental Ideas in Chemistry

1. Subatomic Particles

   • Atomic Particle / Relative Charge
     • Proton
       • Neutron
         • Electron
     • +1
       • 0
         • -1
   • Atomic & Mass Numbers
     • The find out the number of neutrons an atom contains = mass number - atomic number
       • Atomic number - The amount of protons OR Electrons an atom contains
         • Mass Number - The TOTAL amount of protons AND neutrons an atom contains - Nom of protons+Nom of neutrons
   • Electronic configuration
     • The first shell always contains a number of 2 electrons, the rest contains 8.
       • For an atom that contains 6 electrons, their electronic configuration would be written as [2,6]

2. Alkali Metals (group 1)

   • Lithium 2,1
     • Sodium 2,8,1
       • Potassium 2,8,8,1
   • All alkali metals react violently when added to water they also always produce hydrogen gas and a metal hyrdoxide e.g.) Potassium+water-->potassium hydroxide+hydrogen
     • When the alklai metals react with oxygen they always produce a metal oxide e.g) sodium+oxygen-->sodium oxide

3. Halogens (group 7)

   • Flourine 2,7
   • Chlorine 2,8,7

4. The halogen atoms and the alkali metals with react together to form an ionic compound in which these are called halide ions and have a single negative charge.

5. Noble Gases (Group 0)

   • Helium 2
     • Neon 2,8
       • Argon 2,8,8
   • Noble gases are unreactive as they all have a full outer shell.

6. Mixtures and Compounds

   • A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically joined, the properties of the substances remain unchanged and specific to each substance.
   • A compound is a substance contains two or more elements are chemically joined together.
     • Non metal + Non metal = Covalent bonding
       • Sharing of electrons
     • Non metal + metal = Ionic bonding
       • gaining/losing electrons
   • Either way of bonding, covalent or ionic results in all outer shells being full.

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