Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology

1. Muscular System

   • 600 Muscles with:
     • The Characteristics of:
       • Essential for Excercise
         • in which there are 3 ways of Contraction During Excercise
           • Eccentric (Lengthening)
           • Isometric (Static)
           • Concentric (Shortening)
           • are impotant for Bone Movements
             • Muscle Spindles Stretch Reflex (Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic), Golgi Tendon Organ Tension Relfex & The Reflex Arc
             • at joints
       • Irritability
       • Contractability
       • Elasticity
       • Extensibility
       • Conductivity
         • Muscles receive impulses from:
           • the Neuromuscular Junction
             • Containing: Axion, Axion Terminal, Acetylcholine, Sarcolemma, Receptors, & Synaptic Cleft
               • Contraction Happens because of:
                 • The Sliding Filament Theory
                   • uses: Z lines, Myosin, Actin, Calcium, ATP, Tropomysoin, Myofibril
         • Motor Units
           • All-or-none Principle
     • are named after:
       • Direction of Fibres
       • Location
       • Number of Heads
       • Shape of Muscle
       • Action of Muscle
       • Points of Attachment
     • 4 Major Muscle Groups which are:
       • Anterior: Quadriceps, Abdominals & Pectorals
       • Posterior: Hamstrings, Rotator Cuffs, Erector Spinae, Rhomboids, Gluteals & Calf Muscles
   • Functions
     • Stability & Support
     • Heat Production
     • Movement
   • 3 Types
     • Cardiac (Involuntary)
     • Skeletal Muscles (Voluntary)
       • Examples are:
         • Deltoid ( Trangle shape = Delta)
         • Pronator Quadratus (Pronates Forearm)
         • Sternocleidomastoid (Attaches at Sternum, Clavicle and Mastoid Process)
         • Triceps (3 heads = Tri)
         • Tibialis Anterior (Anterior Side)
         • Rectus Abdominus (rectus)
         • Pectoralis Major
         • Popliteus
         • Gastrocnemius
       • Anatomy:
         • Skeletal Muscle Fibre, Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Sarcomeres, & Sarcoplamic Reticulum
     • Smooth (Involuntary)
       • Examples: are:
         • Esophagus & Stomach
   • Some injuries are:
     • Tedonitis
     • Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
     • Muscle Strains & Tears

2. The Skeletal System

   • Consists of 206 Bones
     • divided into Appendicular (126 bones) & Axial (80 bones)
       • of which there are 5 Types of Bones:
         • Irregular
           • For example:
             • Vertebrae
               • Mandible
         • Short
           • For example:
             • Carpals
               • Tarsals
                 • Which can have landmarks that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures
                   • For Example: Tibial Tuberosity, Lateral Border, Greater Trochanter, etc.
         • Sesamoid
           • For example:
             • Patella
         • Long Bones
           • For Example:
             • Femur
             • Radius
             • Humerus
           • The parts of a long bone are:
             • Cartilage, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Cancellous Bone, Medullary Cavity, Periostem, Cortex, Compact Bone, Epiphyseal Plate
         • Flat
           • For Example:
             • Scapulae
             • Cranial Bones
       • Axial consists of bones more medial on the body.
       • Appendicular consists of bones more lateral
     • Which move about the joints
       • Joints are Classified in 3 different ways:
         • Fibrous
           • Cartilaginous
             • Synovial Joints...
               • have characteristics such as...
                 • Articular Cartilage, Joint Capsule, Joint Cavity, Bursae, Intrinsic & Extrinsic ligaments
                   • There are 6 types of Synovial Joints:
                     • Hinge Joints
                     • Pivot Joints
                     • Gliding Joints
                     • Ball & Socket Joints
                     • Ellipsoid Joints
                     • Saddle Joints
         • Some joint related Injuries & Diseases are:
           • Dislocations & Seperations
           • Osrteoarthiritis
           • Rotator Cuff Tears: injury that involves one or all four muscles that make up the Rotator cuff at the shoulder: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor & Subscapularis
   • has 5 Functions which are:
     • Protection
     • Cell Production
     • Mineral Reservoir
     • Movement
     • Structural Support
   • Together they make
   • can have Injuries such as:
     • Fractures (bone breaks)
     • Shin Splints (painful condition)
     • Osteoporosis
     • Which are naturally healed and put back together with the Bone Remodelling Cycle
       • Step 1: Resorption
         • Step 2: Reversal
           • Step 3: Bone Formation
             • Step 4: Mineralization
       • This processs consists of:
         • Osteoblasts (bone forming cells), Osteoid (gelatin-like substance), Osteoclasts (bone deconstruction cells)

3. the Musculoskeletal System and are connected:

   • Via Tendons (indirectly)
   • Outer membrance of muscle attaches to outer membrane of bone (directly)

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