Zusammenfassung der Ressource
English Language
- Context, Audience, Purpose (Whenever you are looking at a text
- How has the context influenced the text?
- Contextual Factors:
- Mode: What is it? Spoken, Written or Electronic
- Spoken
- Evolved first
- Higher order of priority in Child development than written
- Used far more in society
- Lexis of Spoken Language:
- Lexical item= A singular word you can identify
- Lexis tends to differ slightly
- Extensive use of Colloquial lexis
- Meaning of noises and sounds
- Backchannel Behaviour: Noises that the listener makes in the background as response to what the speaker is saying
- 'Yes' a clear affirmative in informal situations or a backchannel behaviour
- Tag questions 'aren't you?'
- Interactive function
- Marker of sympathetic circularity: 'is that all right' 'with you'
- Laugh is more deliberate than a cough: Can show you're agreeing
- Filled pause 'mm' occurs as the listener signals that they're listening
- 'Er' fills a pause between words
- 'Erm' fills a pause between a boundary of complete sentences
- 'Are you well?' is used as an intensifier and to fill a pause
- Democratic Morpheme: very vague language in a conversation
- Stigmatised: Criticised as non-standard English
- Corpus: From latin meaning 'Body'
- Grammar of Spoken Language
- Discourse Markers- Particular words used to mark boundaries between topics
- Interrogative and Imperative sentence structures: used mostylin spoken language as interactive
- Ellipsis: leaving out part of the clause or phrase assume the listener understands the info
- Abbreviated Structures, minor sentences
- Modal expression: indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the situation theyre describing
- Identifying formal grammar
- How is grammar more formal?
- Nominlisation
- Passive voice
- Verb
- Active voice
- Written
- Higher status than spoken as it leaves a permanent record
- Used far less in society
- Evolved Second
- Electronic
- Fusion of spoken and written language
- Interesting overlaps
- Need to be aware of distinctive features of both spoken and written language
- Context of Electronic Modes:
- Emails
- Interactive
- Carefully planned
- Permanent
- Text messages are always private
- Facebook is more public
- Field: What is it about?
- Subject-specific lexis from the semantic field of..
- Function: What is the purpose of the text?
- Tenor: For whom and to whom was it produced?
- Who are the intended audience? and how does this influence the text
- What is the purpose of the text?
- Key Constituents:
- Phonology: The sounds of Language
- Morphology: The structure of words
- Graphology: Visual marks on the pages
- Authography: Historical spellings and puncuation
- Lexis: Choice of Words
- Grammar: Sentence Structure
- Discourse: Structure of the text as a whole
- Constructing meanings
- Semantics- The relationship between words and meanings
- Pragmatics- The ways meanings are implied in a social context of use
- Level of formality: When people adjust their tone of language to suit the situation
- Low level
- Spontaneous
- Immediate
- Interactive, Dialogue
- Ephemeral, No record
- Private
- Socially orientated
- Context-dependant
- High Level
- Planned, Revised
- Solitary
- Permanent Record
- Public, Wide Audience
- Message-Orientated
- Context-Orientated
- We use language to maintain social relationships and communicate facts and information
- Lanuguage and power in social orientation: people chose more or less powerful roles through speech
- Multi-modal texts:
- More complex language and interesting than that of stereotypes
- Blurs distinction between written and spoken language
- Styles of language overlap eachother
- FUSION
- Mode refers to 3 main channels of communication
- There's a scale between written and spoken language
- Field:
- Subject-specific lexis
- Semantic field
- Field of a text is its topic or subject matter
- Influences choice of lexis
- Semantic field= other groups of words related by meaning
- Deictic referencing
- Anaphoric referencing
- Cataphoric referencing
- Function
- What is the purpose of the text?
- Language function
- People try to achieve several things at once
- Cross purpose:
- Transactional means language used to pass on information
- Phatic function
- Human communication- to present self in a positive light
- Subtle art of persuasion
- Underlying persuasive purpose
- Tenor
- Could get advertising texts
- Adresser-Adressee relationship
- Message orientated, social orientated
- Ideational and interpersonal, transition and phatic
- Private-public
- Relationship
- Field
- Function
- Register
- Mode: What is it?
- Field: Subject-specific lexis
- Function: Context,audience, purpose
- Tenor: Relationship between writer and reader and their relative status