MIRCROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

MIRCROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Mircobiology- The Study of Living things.

   • Micro-Organisms( also called Microbes) are too small to be seen by the naked eye and are found in huge numbers almost everywhere.
   • They are present in the Air, Water and Soil, on our skin and inside plants, animals and humans.
   • There are three types of Micro-organisms.
     • Viruses
     • Bacteria
     • Fungi

2. Viruses

   • Viruses are the smallest micro-organisms
   • Viruses cannot reproduce themselves( they use our cells to multiply, they need a host)
   • All Viruses are said to be parasites(I.E. They live on or in another living thing)
   • Viruses cause disease to plants, humans and other animals.
   • Virus Diseases
     • Measles
     • Mumps
     • Chicken Pox
     • Pollo
     • Common Cold
     • Flu(Influenza)
     • Cold Sores
     • AIDs(Caused by HIV)
   • Very few chemicals or medicines can kill viruses, for example, Antibiotics prevent bacterial infections but have no effect on viruses as viruses are parasites and use other cells to multiply.
   • Our bodies fight off most virus infections when our White blood cells produce chemicals called Antibodies.

3. Bacteria

   • Bacteria are larger than viruses
   • They don't have a proper Nulceus
   • In order to grow they require
     • Food
     • Water
     • Suitable pH
     • Suitable Tempreture
   • Bacteria reproduce asexually
   • In asexual reproduction the offsprings are to the parent as they only came from one parent.
   • There are no sex cells (Gametes) involved.
   • Useful
     • Cause dead plant and animals to decay. This helps return minerals(nutrients to the soil for new growth.
     • Make food EG-Cheese Burger
     • Used in Biotechnology
   • Harmful
     • Causes Diseases
       • TB(Tuberculousis)
       • Sore Throat
       • Tooth and Gum decay
       • Food Posining
       • Pneumonia
     • Destroys Food EG-Turns milk sour
     • Destroys crops in feilds

4. Fungi

   • These are simple plants that do not contain Chlorophyll.
   • Useful
     • Cause dead plants and animals to decay
     • Some can be eaten EG-Mushrooms
     • Used to make alcohol EG-Yeast
   • Harmful
     • Cause human diseases EG-Athletes foot
     • Some are Poisonous
     • Causes foods to rot EG-Mold

5. Biotechnology-The use of living things, or parts of living things, to produce products of human value.

   • Bacteria and Fungi are used to produce foods, drugs and alcohol.
   • Industrial uses
     • Yeast is used to produce alcohol in breweries
     • Bacteria contains special enzymes that contain a special characteristic that gets rid of stains such as fat, ink and blood, this is why it is used in Washing Ditergents
   • Medical uses
     • Fungi and Bacteria can be used to make Antibiotics that kill amd prevent diseases.
     • Antibiotics
       • Hormones-Insulin used to treat diabetes
       • Antibiotics- Treat infections
       • Chemicals need to clot blood-Used by Haemophiliacs who cant clot their blood naturally

6. Mandatory Experiment

   • • To investigate the presence of micro-organisms in air and soil
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