Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Codifying & implementing Apartheid, 1948-59
- POLITICAL SUPPRESSION & TREASON
TRIAL 1956-61
- 1956, 156 members
leading activists - of the
congress alliance were
arrested
- Gov alleged a conspiracy that
the congress movement
planned to overthrow the gov
by force, with violence & that
they espoused communist
ideas
- BENEFITS FOR OPPOSITION
- Provided occasion
for congress
alliance to meet/
confer & cement
relationships
- prosecution failed to prove ANC
advocated violence/ was
communist
- used courtroom to
publicise their
anti-apartheid message in
SA & abroad
- International attention.
Scandinavian countries
- membership grew
from 5,000 - 1948 to
100,000 -1950s
- "The free world cannot
be unconcerned when
there is a land where
80% of the people are
unfree" dean of Harvard
- UNDERMINED OPPOSITION
- ANC split forming PAC
- End of trial, ANC & PAC
outlawed=banned
- Long lasting trial - 5 years -
stopped the ability of leaders to
campaign & protest
- 1950s gov increasingly concerned
with growing influence of
congress movement
- TOMLINSON REPORT & THE
BANTUSTANS
- BANTUSTANS
- Africans- multiple
identities - could see
themselves as a
member of a clan, zulu
SA & Johannesburg
worker
- Africans subdivided into their
historical chieftaincies & lang
groups, but whites would remain
whites, no separate bit for white
Afrikaners/english Portuguese
speaking
- New areas of white-owned land
bought to extend homelands-
still made up very little % of
SA's land area. NP not
prepared to divide SA equally
as whites wouldn't accept the
sacrifice
- BETTERMENT
- WHY; enviro degradation/soil erosion
in the reserves thought by gov to be
undermining peasant agriculture,
intensifying poverty & driving more A
to cities
- rural families moved into
compact villages; deeply
resented
- divide the pastures with barbed
wire into smaller paddocks,
animals moved from paddock to
paddock throughout year to stop
overgrazing
- Strategy that would stop enviro
degradation & enable Africans to
intensify their farming without
destroying the soil & vegetation
- PURPOSE OF THE TOMLINSON COMMISSION
- Make apartheid work/
successful
- Believed that economic development of former
reserves had to be heart of Apartheid,
'sustained development of Bantu areas on a
large scale' was 'germinal point'
- REJECTION OF VERWOERD
- Private land ownership would
undermine the power of chiefs on
whom he relied on for political
support
- Felt bantus should develop
at their own pace &
wouldn't allow outside
investment
- Landholdings enlarged - millions
of a lose land & migrate to cities
for work - undermine a central
tenet of Apartheid
- Didn't want to create subsidised
industries that might compete with
urban white business
- Didn't believe white SA
would support expenditure
- RECOMMENDATIONS OF TOMLINSON
- Advocated major funding for
rural industries
- Private enterprise, SA & foreign
should be encouraged to invest
in these areas
- Bantustans can be transformed by
state investment of £100 million +
- Create a class of full-time farmers by increasing size of pot &
turning communal into private tenure, implied pushing
families off land, in order to create bigger economic units for
farming